Management Of Ear Cockle In Wheat

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June 6, 2023

Are you familiar with the notorious ear cockle disease in wheat? Ear cockle disease is caused by the pesky nematode Anguina tritici, which can wreak havoc on your precious wheat crops. But fear not, our article will guide you to understand more about ear cockle disease including its management measures. Get ready to empower yourself and protect your wheat fields from this relentless nematode invader.

Wheat gall nematode is known to be the first plant parasitic nematode, causing ear cockle disease in wheat and rye crops. This nematode also acts as a carrier of bacterial yellow slime ear rot (tundu disease) caused by Corynebacterium tritici. Cool and moist weather favors the development of wheat gall nematodes.

Type of infestation

Primary infestation usually occurs through the infected seed.
Secondary infestation is caused by the second larval stage of nematode, which remains inside the cockle (gall) to carry on the life cycle.

Scientific Name: Anguina tritici

Most Affected States

Ear Cockle disease is prevalent in almost all wheat growing regions of the country. But heavy infestation of this nematode has been reported in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan.

Symptoms of Wheat Ear Cockle

Below are a few signs which helps you to detect wheat gall nematodes infestation in your wheat fields,

You can observe the symptoms of gall nematodes on leaves, stems and heads of the wheat plants.
Wrinkled, rolled or twisted leaves can be seen.
Affected plants may exhibit stunted growth.
Infected heads are shorter and broader compared to healthy ones and retain their green color for an extended period.
The presence of hard, dark-brown or black cockles or galls can be observed, which replaces grains either partially or entirely within the ear.
The cockles remain filled with nematode larvae and when they are soaked in water, you can see larvae coming out from them.

Control Measures

Follow the below listed management strategies to effectively prevent and control the wheat gall nematode infestations.

Cultural Measures

Use certified or gall free seeds for planting.
Sow seeds in uninfested soil to achieve healthy plant growth.
Clean the contaminated seeds either by sieving or floating in water.
Leave the land fallow for at least one year to eradicate nematode from the fields.
Practice crop rotation with non-susceptible crops to reduce the buildup of soil inoculum.
Putting the seeds in hot water at the temperature of 54-56°C for 10-12 minutes helps to kill nematodes.

Biological Measures

PerfoNemat is residue free, nematode suppressor, based on the Dialdehyde mixture which has a contact-based curative action on nematodes. Drench Perfonemat at the rate of 2 ml per liter to effectively control wheat gall nematodes.
Anand Dr Bacto’s Nemos is an ecofriendly biological nematicide containing Paceillomyces lilacinus, which is highly effective in controlling nematodes. For an acre, apply 2 litre of Nemos either by drip irrigation or soil application.

Chemical Measures

There is no chemical solution available for controlling wheat gall nematodes. However, farmers can effectively manage nematode infestation by adopting cultural and biological measures. These measures, when carried out diligently, offer a reliable approach to mitigate nematode damage in wheat crops.

Wheat: Planting And Package Of Practices

By

Deepika M

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June 6, 2023

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Wheat is a widely consumed staple food crop in the world. It is a cool season crop and preferred during the winter season in the tropics. It ranks first among all the food grains in terms of area and production while, in India it is a second important food crop next to rice. To ensure a successful wheat crop, it is essential to understand the process of wheat planting and techniques involved in growing a healthy and productive wheat crop.

Wheat Crop at a Glance

Botanical Name: Triticum aestivum L.

Common Name: Gehu (Hindi), Kanaka (Punjabi), Kotumai (Tamil), Gothambu (Malayalam), Godhuma (Telugu).

Crop Season: Rabi season

Crop type: Field crop

Soil Requirements

In general, wheat grows well in a wide range of soils especially in medium to heavy soils. However, well drained loamy and clay loam are the most ideal textural classification for the cultivation of wheat crop.

Climatic Requirements

Wheat cultivation can be done in dry and chilled environmental conditions, and hence it is referred to as a winter season crop. For successful wheat planting, maintaining the ideal temperature is crucial. The temperature range from 16 to 21.1˚C and an annual rainfall between 750 to 1000 mm is suitable for optimum growth of wheat.

Package of Practices for Wheat Cultivation

Land Preparation

The crop needs a seed bed that is clean, well-pulverized, fine and wet. If the wheat farm has less moisture than is necessary for this sort of tilth, pre-sowing irrigation should be provided. When working in an irrigated ecology, the first ploughing should be done with a soil-turning plough, and later three to four harrowing followed by planking. In rainfed regions, disc harrowing should be done after each productive rainfall during the monsoon and planking should always come after each harrowing to prevent clod development and moisture loss.

When to grow Maize crop

The optimum wheat planting time ranges between 1st fortnight of November to 1st fortnight of December.

Seed rate and Spacing

In general, wheat seeds should be sown in lines at a spacing of 22.5 cm × 10 cm with an optimum seed rate of 100 to 125 kg/ha. If sown late a seed rate of 125 to 140 kg/ha is recommended. About 20 to 25 days after planting wheat, thinning is required to maintain the ideal plant population.

Seed Treatment

Before cultivation of wheat, treat Shoot fly infestation can be controlled by treating the seeds with confidor super (Imidacloprid 30.5% SL) at the rate of 0.3 ml for 1 kg wheat seeds. Seed treatment with vitavax power (Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS) at 3g/kg seed for 6 hours is recommended to prevent loose smut of wheat.

Irrigation Schedule

A wheat crop needs 300 to 400 mm of irrigation water. At critical periods, the crop is extremely vulnerable to water stress. The most critical stages for irrigation in wheat crop are Crown Root Initiation stage, Jointing, Heading and Dough Stage.

Manures and Fertilizers

To avoid unnecessary fertilizer application and boost profitability in wheat farm, the fertilizer should be administered based on the results of a soil test. Application of N, P and K at rates 120:60:40 kg/ha is recommended in irrigated environments. Apply half of the nitrogen as a basal dosage and the remaining half during the first irrigation at 30 to 45 days after sowing or planting wheat.

Inter-cultivation Practices

Hand weeding twice at 30 and 45 DAS is recommended for better weed control. In case of labour shortage, pre-emergence application of Stomp Xtra (Pendimethalin 38.7 % CS) at 600 ml/acre and post emergence application of Total Herbicide (Sulfosulfuron 75% + Metsulfuron 5% WG) at 16 gm/acre during 30 to 35 DAS can be recommended for efficient control of weeds in the wheat farm.

Crop Protection (Pests and Diseases)

Pests of wheat crop

Pests	Scientific Name	Symptoms	Management
Wheat Aphid	Macrosiphum miscanthi	Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from wheat. Drying and wilting of shoots occur.	Apply Confidor (Imidacloprid 17.8% SL) at 0.75 ml/lit of water. Apply Police (Fipronil 40% + Imidacloprid 40% WG) at 0.2 to 0.6 gm/litre water.
Armyworm	Mythimna separata	Leaf tissue is first consumed by young larvae from one side. Larvae start to feed from the leaf edge inward by the second or third instar and start to develop shot holes in the leaves.	Apply Proclaim (Emamectin Benzonate 5% SG) at 80 gm/acre. Apply Plethora (Novaluron 5.25% + Emamectin benzoate 0.9% SC) at 1.5 ml/litre of water.
Ghujhia Weevil	Tanymecus indicus	Only adults of this insect cause damage. They feed on the shoot and cut the seedlings during initial stages of growth.	Apply Proclaim (Emamectin Benzonate 5% SG) at 80 gm/acre. Apply Plethora (Novaluron 5.25% + Emamectin benzoate 0.9% SC) at 1.5ml/litre of water.
Termites	Odontotermes obesus	Termitariums were created. Plants dry off and easily pulled out when removed.	Apply Miyogi (Chlorpyrifos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC) at 400ml/acre.
Shoot fly	Atherigona soccata	Dead hearts Decay of shoots Bushy appearance	Apply Confidor super (Imidacloprid 30.5% SL) at 0.3 ml/lit of water.
Pink Stem borer	Sesamia inferens	Dead heart at vegetative stage which turns brownish, curls and dries off. White ears appear during flowering stage.	Apply Zygant (Flubendiamide 0.7% GR) at the rate of 5 kg/acre. Apply Ferterra (Chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR) at the rate of 4 kg/acre.

Common diseases affecting wheat crop

Disease	Causal Organism	Symptoms	Management
Black or stem rust	Puccinia graminis tritici	Rust like pustules appear on the stem. Later these pustules turn darker and black.	Apply Amistar Top (Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC) at the rate of 1 ml/lit of water. Apply Avancer Glow (Azoxystrobin 8.3%+ Mancozeb 66.7% WG) at the rate of 600 gm/acre.
Yellow rust	Puccinia striformis	Yellow coloured uredospores damage the interveinal regions. It gives a stripe like appearance.	Apply Benmain (Carbendazim 50% DF) at 2 gm/lit of water. Apply Nativo (Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin 75% WG) at 0.6 ml/lit of water.
Brown or orange rust	Puccinia recondite	Orange coloured pustules appear on the leaf. They are irregularly distributed.	Apply Custodia (Azoxystrobin 11% + Tebuconazole 18.3% SC) at the rate of 1.5 ml/lit of water.
Karnal bunt	Neovossia indica	The affected plants give out a foul smell. The affected grains are usually covered with black sooty powder like substance.	Apply Luna Experience (Fluopyram 17.7%+ Tebuconazole 17.7% SC) at the rate of 1 ml/lit of water.
Loose smut	Ustilago nuda tritici	Sooty black spores appear on the emerged ear heads. Wheat grains turn out to be sterile.	Apply Conika (Kasugamycin 5% + Copper Oxychloride 45% WP) at 2 gm/lit of water.

Harvesting and Threshing

Crop has to be harvested using sickles when the crop turns completely yellow and left in the field to dry. Further, the grains are separated from the ear by threshing which is followed by winnowing and packing.

Average yield from Wheat farm

The yield of wheat usually ranges between 3 to 4 t/ha on average.

Varieties/Hybrids

DBW 222, PBW-502, HD 3385, HD 3226, DDW 47.

Flag Smut Control: Best Management Practices For Wheat Farmers

By

Mahalakshmi S

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May 25, 2023

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Flag Smut Control: Best Management Practices For Wheat Farmers

Are you battling with wheat flag smut disease and searching for effective solutions to protect your crop and maximize your yield? Look no further! We have the solutions you’ve been looking for to directly tackle this destructive disease. Continue reading this article to gain a deeper understanding of wheat flag smut and find valuable insights to effectively combat its impact.

Wheat flag smut, caused by fungal pathogen Urocystis tritici, poses a significant threat to global wheat production. Flag smut differs from other cereal smut diseases by exhibiting symptoms on the leaves rather than the heads. The yields of the affected plants can be reduced but incidence of this disease is low. This disease specifically targets wheat as its sole host, while other strains of the fungus affect various grass species.

Type of Infestation

Flag Smut disease is both seed borne, and soil borne.

Primary infection occurs by sowing infected seeds.
Secondary infection occurs through the resting spores present in the soil.

Scientific Name: Urocystis tritici

Most Affected States

Some of the most affected states of wheat flag smut includes Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, up, Bihar, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.

Symptoms of Wheat Flag Smut

Common symptoms caused by flag smut includes,

Flag smut generally affects the wheat plants from late seedling stage to maturity stage.
The leaves and leaf sheath are most commonly affected by the flag smut disease, but stem culm also gets affected occasionally.
Grey to greyish black sori can be observed in the affected part of leaf blade and leaf sheath.
Primarily the sori develops under the epidermis, later when the epidermis ruptures the black powdery mass exposes out from the leaves.
In case of seedling infection, leaves exhibit a twisting and drooping appearance, eventually leading to withering.
If the infection occurs during late stage, heads may fail to emerge or produce poor grain.

Control Measures

If you find any of the above listed symptoms in wheat field, follow the integrated management measures which includes cultural, mechanical and chemical measures to effectively control flag smut disease.

Cultural Measures

Grow resistant wheat varieties like Pusa 44 and WG 377.
Use only clean seeds for planting.
Follow crop rotations with non-host crops like soybeans, sorghum and corn, to decrease the fungal population and reduce the risk of infection in future years.
Avoid early planting, that too in warm moist soils, which are known to favor infection by the flag smut fungus.

Mechanical Measures

Collect and burn the infected plants to reduce the spread of flag smut disease.

Biological Measures

Ecoderma is a bio control agent containing Trichoderma viride, which protects crops from various seed and soil borne plant pathogens. To control flag smut disease, treat the wheat seeds with Trichoderma at the rate of 6 gm per kg of seeds.

Chemical Measures

Vitavax Power is a broad-spectrum dual action fungicide which controls seed and soil borne diseases and also acts as a plant growth stimulant. Its technical content Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS. The recommended dosage for seed treatment is 3 gm per kg of seed.
Treat the wheat seed with Carbendazim at the rate of 2 gm/kg of seeds to effectively control flag smut of wheat.

Silicon: The Crop Nutrient You Can’t Ignore

By

Deepika M

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May 25, 2023

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Silicon: The Crop Nutrient You Can't Ignore

Imagine your crops thriving, standing tall and resilient, even in the face of strong winds. Picture them effortlessly fighting off pests and diseases, while adapting to drought and saline soils without skipping a beat.

Sounds like a dream, doesn’t it? Well, prepare to be amazed by the extraordinary power of a seemingly ordinary nutrient – Silicon.

While we’re all familiar with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, silicon has quietly been making waves as a significant nutrient for plants. Let’s dive into what makes silicon so special and why it matters for your crops.

Importance of Silicon for Crops

Silicon strengthens plant tissues and structures. When absorbed by plant roots, silicon is deposited in cell walls, forming a framework that provides rigidity and support.
This means that your plants become tougher, better equipped to withstand strong winds, heavy rain and even mechanical damage.
It activates the plant’s immune responses, stimulating the production of defense compounds against pests and disease. This makes plants more resistant to pathogens and pests.
Silicon aids in enhancing plant resilience to various abiotic stresses. It helps plants cope with conditions such as drought, high temperatures, and salinity.
It also regulates water uptake, improving the plant’s ability to withstand water scarcity and maintain proper hydration.
It facilitates the uptake and utilization of other essential nutrients within plants. It improves the absorption of nutrients like calcium, potassium, and phosphorus, optimizing their availability and utilization.
When applied to root zone, it may reduce the toxicity of iron, aluminum and manganese.

What are the sources of silicon for plants?

Plants naturally absorb silicon through the weathering and erosion of soil minerals like silicates and clay minerals, which occur over time as rocks break down.

Different ways by which we can add or incorporate silicon nutrient into soil include;

Incorporating certain organic materials, such as rice husk, rice straw and sugarcane bagasse rich sources of silica into the soil.
For example; Rice husk has an exceptional silica content of up to 28%, potentially the highest among all plant materials. When the dry matter of this plant is burned, the resulting ash contains silicon, which can be utilized as soil application.
Depending on the source, irrigation water may cont ain dissolved silicon. If the water source is rich in silicon, it can contribute to the plant’s silicon uptake.
Specialized silicon fertilizers are available. These products are designed to supply plants with a concentrated form of silicon.
Certain beneficial microorganisms, like silicon-solubilizing bacteria can enhance silicon availability in the soil, facilitating plant uptake.

Crops rich in Silicon

Rice, Sugarcane, Bamboo, Maize, Barley, Wheat, Oats, Wheat.

Unlock the power of silicon with ‘Geolife Tabsil’ for guaranteed strong plant growth!

Geolife Tabsil – Ortho silicic acid (12%)

Tabsil is available in effervescent tablets which makes it easy to apply to all types of crops.
It is a non-toxic, residue free, and eco-friendly product.
It is water soluble and hence it is easily absorbed by plants.
Regular application of Tabsil provides plants with enhanced immunity, reducing the need for chemical sprays and promoting residue-free crop production.
Crops recommended: All crops (Vegetables, flowers, cereals, pulses, fruits, spices and cotton)

Application Details

Broadcast (For Paddy Crop): Tabsil tablets (1 kg/acre) can be applied at 40-45 days after transplanting of paddy crop in the field with a water level maintained up to 7 cm. Keep the water for about five days after treatment.
Foliar Application Schedule:

Crop	Time of Application	Dosage	Application Method
Maize, Wheat, and other cereals	After 40-45 DAS	1 gm/lit of water	Give 2-3 sprays at an interval of 15 days
Cotton, Tomato, & Chilly	After 45 DAS or DAT	1 gm/lit of water	Give 4-5 sprays at an interval of 15 days
Onion & other vegetables	After 45 DAS or DAT	1 gm/lit of water	Give 3-4 sprays at an interval of 15 days
Cucurbits and Cole crops	After 45 DAS	1 gm/lit of water	Give 2-3 sprays at an interval of 15 days
Grape, Pomegranate, and other Fruit crops	From 15 days before flowering	1 gm/lit of water	Give 3-4 sprays at an interval of 20-25 days

(*DAS – Days after sowing; DAT – Days after transplanting)

Drenching: Apply Tabsil (500 gm/acre or 2.5 ml/lit of water) through drenching at vegetative stage of crop.
Drip Irrigation: Tabsil (500 gm/acre or 2.5 ml/lit of water) can be applied at vegetative stage of the crop with an interval of 30 days.

NOTE:

Early application helps plants establish stronger cell walls from the beginning.
Splitting the applications also helps prevent excessive accumulation or leaching of silicon in the soil.
Applying silicon alongside nutrients like calcium and potassium can enhance their uptake and utilization by the crops.
Recommended to spray along with insecticide/fungicide to increase their performance.
Silicon wetting agents to be used along with pesticide/fungicide/growth promoters: Tapas silicon sticking & spreading agent, Stick N Spread, Shamrock Super Shot.

Conclusion

So, don’t overlook the power of silicon in plant nutrition. Embrace the power of this and witness the transformation in your crops. Let silicon be the secret weapon in your farming, fortifying your plants’ cell walls and making them stronger, more resistant, and ultimately more productive.

From Symptoms To Solutions: Managing Downy Mildew In Cucurbit Crops For Optimal Yield

By

Deepika M

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May 25, 2023

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From Symptoms To Solutions: Managing Downy Mildew In Cucurbit Crops For Optimal Yield

Downy mildew is a common fungal disease that affects cucurbits, which include plants such as cucumbers, melons, gourds, pumpkins, and squash. It is caused by the pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis. This disease is highly destructive and can cause significant losses in yield if not managed properly.

We’re here to help you out to take necessary preventive measures, identify the signs of pathogen, find the conditions favorable for its growth to avoid it and to act quickly if the symptoms are detected.

Symptoms of Downy Mildew in Cucurbits

Appearance of small, angular yellow spots on the upper surface of the leaves.
As the disease progresses, the yellow spots enlarge and turn brown. The lesions typically have angular edges, following the veins of the leaf. The affected areas may become dry and papery.
During wet season or when the leaves are wet, water-soaked lesions can be seen on the underside of the leaves. Later, these lesions turn into fuzzy gray to purple mold-like fungus growth.
The entire foliage may show signs of wilting.
Infected plants may produce fewer fruits, and the ones that do develop may be smaller, misshapen, or have a poor flavor.
Severe cases of downy mildew can lead to stunted growth of the plants.

Understand the Ideal conditions for Downy mildew development and spread

Downy mildew thrives under cool (15-20°C), wet and humid conditions. It spreads rapidly during periods of high humidity, such as rainy weather or heavy dew. The pathogen requires free moisture on the leaf surface for infection and development.

It can survive in infected plant debris, seeds and soil, but it primarily spreads through airborne spores. These spores can travel long distances on the wind and infect healthy plants. The disease can also be introduced through infected seedlings or transplants.

Preventive Measures for Downy Mildew in Cucurbits

Ensure to plant healthy seeds and transplants.
For planting choose varieties that have resistance or tolerance to downy mildew like IRIS hybrid vegetable seeds F1 hybrid cucumber Janki, IRIS cucumber Dawat seeds, Sorot Ridge gourd, MH 38 Muskmelon seeds.
Practice crop rotation with crops like legumes, tomato, brinjal and root crops for one or two growing seasons to disrupt the disease cycle and reduce the pathogen’s population in the soil.
Promote good air circulation by adopting wide spacing between plants and pruning dense foliage to allow for better sunlight penetration and quicker leaf drying.
Avoid overhead irrigation, as it creates leaf wetness favorable for pathogen development. Instead, use drip irrigation or hoses to water at the base of the plants, keeping the foliage dry.
Remove and destroy any infected plant debris including fallen leaves, infected fruits, and any other plant residues. Properly clean tools and equipment to prevent the spread of the pathogen.
Spray Neem oil for control of downy mildew.
Apply protectant fungicide like 1% Bordeaux mixture or other copper-based fungicide or Mancozeb at 5 – 7 days interval as a prophylactic measure to prevent the disease incidence.

Effective Management to Control the Disease

Spray the chemicals at 7 – 14 days interval depending on the disease intensity and weather conditions. Bio-fungicides and some of the chemical fungicides such as Mancozeb and Copper oxychloride mentioned below can also be sprayed before the disease incidence as a preventive measure.

Product name	Technical content	Dosage
Biological Management
Downy Raze	Botanical extracts	2.5 ml/lit of water
Anand Dr Bacto’s Fluro Bio Fungicide	Pseudomonas fluorescens	2.5 ml/lit of water
Chemical Management
Cabrio Top Fungicide	Metiram 55% + Pyraclostrobin 5% WG	3 gm/lit of water
Blitox Fungicide	Copper Oxychloride 50 % WP	2 gm/lit of water
Zampro Fungicide	Ametoctradin 27% + Dimethomorph 20.27% SC	1.5 ml/lit of water
Taqat Fungicide	Hexaconazole 5% + Captan 70% WP	2 gm/lit of water
Ridomil Gold	Metalaxyl 4% + Manconzeb 64% WP	2 gm/lit of water
Propi Fungicide	Propineb 70% WP	3 gm/lit of water
Moximate Fungicide	Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP	2 gm/lit of water

Note:

Always read and follow the instructions provided on the product label, including application rates, timing and safety precautions.
Alternate the products for spraying.
Always prepare Bordeaux mixture fresh and use on the same day.

Discover effective strategies for defeating Gummy Stem Blight in cucurbits. Learn more.

Protecting Crucifer Harvests: Effective Management Of Diamond Back Moth Larvae

By

Deepika M

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May 25, 2023

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Protecting Crucifer Harvests: Effective Management Of Diamond Back Moth Larvae

If you’re currently growing or have plans to cultivate cruciferous crops such as cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and kale, we have vital information that demands your immediate attention.

Have you heard about the diamondback moth? This tiny yet destructive creature has the power to destroy your entire yield if not managed effectively. Read on to discover the key insights that will safeguard your cruciferous crops from this pest, protect your investment and maximize your yield.

Diamondback Moth Symptoms in Crucifers

The larvae of the diamondback moth can cause damage to cruciferous plants through their feeding and mining activities. Look for the following symptoms that indicate their presence in the crops.

Presence of whitish patches on leaves, as a result of the young larvae scraping (mining) the epidermal tissues.
As the larvae progress to later instars, they primarily feed on the leaf surface, typically on the undersides of leaves, creating small, irregular holes.
This gives the feeding site a window-like or shot-holes like appearance.
The larvae feed the leaves voraciously and skeletonize the leaves by consuming the tissue between the leaf veins.
Webbing or silk threads spun by the larvae for pupation can be observed on the undersides of leaves, leaf axils, or growing tips.
Deformed or smaller heads in cabbage and other affected crucifers.
Damage to the crowns or growing points of young plants, leading to growth stunting.
Feeding on heart leaves before heading can affect flower production and yield in certain cruciferous crops.
Presence of frass, i.e., excrement of the larvae on the leaves or often near the feeding sites.
Presence of window like or shot holes on the leaves

Skeletonized leaves in infested cabbage leaves

Diamondback Moth in Crucifers Preventive Measures

Avoid planting cruciferous crops in the same area year after year. Rotate your crops with legumes, cucurbits, onion, garlic to disrupt the moth’s life cycle and reduce the buildup of infestations.
Remove crop debris and weed hosts after harvest to eliminate overwintering sites and reduce the chance of reinfestation.
Use mustard as a trap crop, by cultivating two rows of mustard for every 25 rows of cabbage. You can either sow the first mustard crop 15 days before planting the cabbage, or plant 20-day-old mustard seedlings simultaneously with the cabbage.
Set up pheromone traps to monitor adult moth populations.
Plant early in the season to reduce exposure to peak moth populations.

Economic Threshold Level (ETL)

Watch out for the diamondback moth. When you spot 20 larvae per 10 plants, it’s time to take action and protect your crucifers.

Integrated Management of Diamondback Moth

If necessary, use chemical insecticides labeled for diamondback moth control as a last resort. Follow all instructions and safety guidelines provided on the product’s label.

Product name	Technical content	Dosage
Mechanical Management
Tapas Diamondback moth lure	Trap	3 traps/acre
Biological Management
Delfin Bio Insecticide	Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki	1 gm/lit of water
Chemical Management
Coragen Insecticide	Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC	0.1 ml/lit of water
Takumi Insecticide	Flubendiamide 20% WG	0.5 gm/lit of water
Keefun Insecticide	Tolfenpyrad 15% EC	2 ml/lit of water
Proclaim Insecticide	Emamectin Benzonate 5%SG	0.5 gm/lit of water
Godrej Gracia Insecticide	Fluxametamide 10% EC	0.8 ml/lit of water
Pegasus Insecticide	Diafenthiuron 50% WP	0.5 – 1 gm/lit of water

Get a detailed insights on the ways to prevent and control this destructive pest – Click here

National Programme For Dairy Development (NPDD)

By

Deepika M

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May 25, 2023

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The National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) was launched in 2014, the Government of India to promote the development of the dairy sector and enhance the milk production of the country. The core objective of the scheme is to provide support for increasing the productivity of milch animals, promoting clean milk production and strengthening dairy cooperatives.

Scheme Overview

Scheme Name: National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD)
Scheme Launch: The scheme was launched in 2014
Scheme Restructured: July 2021
Budget Allocated: Rs. 1790 crores
Implemented By: Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying
Implemented Through: State Implementing Agency (SIA) – State Cooperative Dairy Federation
Type of Government Scheme: Central Government Scheme
Sponsored / Sector Scheme: Sector Scheme
Website: http://www.nddb.coop/, https://dahd.nic.in/

Objectives of National Programme for Dairy Development Scheme

To develop and enhance infrastructural facilities to produce high-quality milk, including the establishment of cold chain infrastructure that connects farmers to consumers.
To establish infrastructure for training dairy farmers and improve existing training facilities.
To strengthen dairy cooperative societies and producer companies at the village level.
To increase milk production in potentially viable milk federations and unions.

Features

The National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) provides various features and benefits to the farmers and dairy sector. The key features of the scheme can be addressed as:

Component “A”

Component “B”

Focus on building and improving the infrastructure needed for the implementation of primary chilling facilities and quality milk testing equipment

Dairy through Cooperatives (DTC)- provides financial assistance from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for

Creation of necessary infrastructure
Provide market linkages for the produce in the village
Strengthening of capacity building of stakeholding institutions from village to state level

Benefits of the Scheme

The National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) provides various benefits to the farmers and dairy sector, some of which are listed below:

Increase the productivity of milch animals
Promotion of clean milk production
Strengthening of dairy cooperatives
Improvement in milk quality and quantity
Creation of employment opportunities
Increase in income of the farmers

Drawback

While the program has had many positive impacts, some drawbacks have been identified, including:

Limited coverage: The NPDD only covers a limited number of dairy farmers, leaving many farmers without access to the benefits of the scheme.
Lack of focus on small farmers: The scheme tends to focus on large-scale dairy farmers, neglecting the needs of small-scale farmers who form the majority of the dairy industry in India.
Lack of credit facilities: The NPDD does not provide adequate credit facilities to farmers, making it difficult for them to invest in their farms and improve their production.
Inadequate extension services: The scheme does not provide enough extension services to farmers, limiting their access to information on best practices and new technologies.
Inadequate price support: The NPDD does not provide adequate price support to farmers, making it difficult for them to earn a fair price for their milk.
Limited access to markets: Farmers often face limited access to markets, making it difficult for them to sell their milk and other dairy products.
Insufficient training: The scheme does not provide sufficient training to farmers, making it difficult for them to adopt new technologies and practices

How to Apply?

Step 1: Visit the official website of the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
Step 2: Download the application form for the NPDD scheme.
Step 3: Fill in the application form with accurate and complete details.
Step 4: Attach the required documents, such as your Aadhaar Card, PAN Card, and bank account details, with the application form.
Step 5: Submit the application form with the attached documents to the designated authorities, such as the District Animal Husbandry Officer or the Dairy Development Officer.
Step 6: The authorities will verify the application and documents and process the application further.
Step 7: If the application is approved, the subsidy or loan amount will be credited to the beneficiary’s bank account

Documents Required

The following documents are required for applying under the National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD):

Identity Proof
Address Proof
Bank Account Details
Ownership Documents of Milch Animals

Conclusion

The National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) is a beneficial scheme for the dairy sector in India, providing support for increasing the productivity of milch animals and promoting clean milk production. The scheme has been successful in promoting the development of the dairy sector and improving the income of the farmers

Empowerment Of Women In Agriculture – Promotion Of Entrepreneurship For Women SHG

By

Deepika M

-

May 25, 2023

0

Empowerment of Women in Agriculture - Promotion of Entrepreneurship for Women SHG

The government of Odisha has launched a scheme called “Promotion of Entrepreneurship for Women SHG,” which aims to empower women in agriculture and promote their entrepreneurship. This scheme mainly addresses the issue of the contribution of women in agriculture going unrecognized and undervalued.

The scheme has several benefits, including the empowerment of women in agriculture, the promotion of entrepreneurship, the creation of new employment opportunities, and the improvement of agricultural productivity and profitability. By empowering women in agriculture, the scheme can contribute to the overall development of the agricultural sector and the country as a whole.

Scheme Overview

Scheme Name: Empowerment of women in agriculture – Promotion of Entrepreneurship for Women SHG
Scheme Launch Year: 2022
Scheme Fund Allocated: Rs. 367.19 crores
Tenure: 2022-23 to 2026-27
Type of Government Scheme: Odisha State Government Scheme
Sponsored/Sector Scheme: State Sector Scheme

Objectives of the Scheme

To double the mushroom production across the State through area expansion involving women beneficiaries/Women SHGs
To make the state self-sufficient in the production of button mushrooms and loose flowers.
To ensure sustainable income generation of women beneficiaries/Women SHGs

Benefits

Increase in Mushroom production: The scheme aims to double mushroom production across the state, which will lead to a significant increase in the availability of mushrooms in the market, meeting the growing demand. The increase in production will also boost the state’s economy by creating new job opportunities and increasing the income of farmers involved in mushroom cultivation.
Empowerment of women beneficiaries/Women SHGs: By involving women beneficiaries/Women SHGs in the scheme, the scheme aims to empower them by providing them with training, skill development and a sustainable source of income. This will not only enhance the status of women in society but also contribute to the overall development of the state.
Self-sufficiency in Mushroom Production: By making the state self-sufficient in the production of button mushrooms, the scheme aims to reduce the dependence on other states for the supply of mushrooms, thereby saving transportation costs and ensuring a consistent supply of high-quality mushrooms to consumers.
Increase in income generation: The scheme aims to ensure sustainable income generation for women beneficiaries/Women SHGs involved in mushroom production. This will not only increase their income but also contribute to the overall economic development of the state by creating more employment opportunities and boosting local businesses.
Environmental benefits: Mushroom production is an eco-friendly and sustainable farming practice that can help to reduce the carbon footprint of agriculture. By promoting mushroom production, the scheme can help to reduce deforestation, soil degradation and water pollution caused by conventional farming practices.

Empowerment of women in agriculture is crucial for the overall development of the agricultural sector and the country as a whole. Women play a significant role in agricultural production, processing, and marketing. The government of Odisha state has taken this initiative to empower women in agriculture which contribute to the holistic development of rural women and women’s employment.

Bridging The Income Gap: MSP Hike And Agricultural Reforms

By

Deepika M

-

May 25, 2023

0

The Road To Abundance: How Farming Reforms Are Changing Lives

India is an agricultural country where a significant percentage of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. To ensure farmers get fair prices for their crops, the Indian government has set the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for various crops. In addition, the government has implemented several developmental programs, policies and schemes to increase farmers’ incomes.

Overview

Various initiatives have been introduced to support farmers in India, including income transfers through PM-KISAN, crop insurance via PMFBY, improved irrigation access with PMKSY, infrastructure creation through AIF and production loans through KCC. Additionally, 10,000 FPOs have been established and promoted, and other schemes such as NMSA, drone technology adoption, Bee-Keeping, Rashtriya Gokul Mission, Blue Revolution, Interest Subvention Scheme, Agro-forestry, restructured bamboo mission and implementation of new generation watershed guidelines have been implemented.

Since 2018-2019, the Indian government has raised the Minimum Support Price (MSP) of 22 Kharif, Rabi and other commercial crops by at least 50% over the all-India weighted average cost of production, as mandated. Furthermore, the National Statistical Office (NSO) conducted the 77th round of Situation Assessment Survey (SAS), 2019 of Agricultural Households in rural areas to estimate the average monthly income per agriculture household from various sources.

Current MSP of all the 22 Crops

Sl. No.	Commodity	Variety	2018-19	2022-23	% Raise in MSP since 2018-19
	KHARIF CROPS
1	PADDY	Common	1750	2040	17%
		Grade ‘A’	1770	2060	16%
2	JOWAR	Hybrid	2430	2970	22%
		Maldandi	2450	2990	22%
3	BAJRA		1950	2350	21%
4	RAGI		2897	3578	24%
5	MAIZE		1700	1962	15%
6	TUR (ARHAR)		5675	6600	16%
7	MOONG		6975	7755	11%
8	URAD		5600	6600	18%
9	GROUNDNUT		4890	5850	20%
10	SUNFLOWER SEED		5388	6400	19%
11	SOYABEEN (yellow)		3399	4300	27%
12	SESAMUM		6249	7830	25%
13	NIGERSEED		5877	7287	24%
14	COTTON	Medium Staple	5150	6080	18%
		Long Staple	5450	6380	17%
	RABI CROPS
15	WHEAT		1840	2125	15%
16	BARLEY		1440	1735	20%
17	GRAM		4620	5335	15%
18	MASUR (LENTIL)		4475	6000	34%
19	RAPESEED & MUSTARD		4200	5450	30%
20	SAFFLOWER		4945	5650	14%
	OTHER CROPS
21	COPRA (Calendar Year)	Milling	7511	10590	41%
		Ball	7750	11000	42%
22	JUTE		3700	4750	28%

Important Information

The Indian government has set the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for various crops to ensure farmers get a fair price for their crops.
The government has implemented several developmental programs, policies and schemes to increase farmers’ incomes, such as PM-KISAN, PMFBY, PMKSY, AIF, KCC and NMSA.
The adoption of new technologies in agriculture, such as drone technologies, has the potential to revolutionize Indian agriculture.
The MSP for various crops has been increased since 2018-19, with significant increases observed for crops such as paddy, wheat, cotton, tur (arhar) and niger seed.

Conclusion

The Indian government has taken several measures to improve the income and living conditions of farmers in the country. This includes increasing the minimum support price for crops, implementing developmental programs, schemes and policies, promoting the use of technology in agriculture and creating infrastructure through the Agri Infrastructure Fund. The National Statistical Office has conducted surveys to estimate the average monthly income per agricultural household and the government has adopted measures such as PM-KISAN, PMFBY, PMKSY and KCC to provide financial assistance to farmers. Overall, these measures aim to make Indian agriculture more resilient to changing climate conditions and improve the income of farmers in the country.

The Road To Abundance: How Farming Reforms Are Changing Lives

By

Deepika M

-

May 25, 2023

0

The Indian government has implemented various schemes and programmes to promote modern agricultural technology and increase agricultural production through extension activities. The Agriculture Extension Division is responsible for implementing these initiatives, which include the Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension Reforms (ATMA), Kisan Call Centre (KCC), Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres (AC&ABC) and more. The Indian government has recently established the fundamental idea of India Digital Ecosystem of Agriculture (IDEA) aimed at enhancing the agricultural ecosystem in the country. The National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A), Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM), National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) and Integrated Scheme for Agricultural Marketing schemes (AGMARKNET) are some of the other initiatives that have been taken by the government. These schemes aim to promote agricultural marketing infrastructure, provide digital services to farmers and traders and promote the use of modern technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning and robotics.

A brief overview on all the schemes/programmes

Scheme/Program	Objective	Implementing Agency
Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension Reforms (ATMA)	To make modern agricultural technologies available to increase production through extension activities such as training, demonstrations, exposure visits, and setting up farm schools.	Agriculture Extension Division
Mass Media Support to Agriculture Extension	To create awareness of schemes/missions/government initiatives/advisories/modern technologies related to agriculture through electronic, print, and social media.	Agriculture Extension Division
Kisan Call Centre (KCC)	To provide farmers with answers to queries on agriculture and allied sectors, including modern technologies, through a toll-free number.	Agriculture Extension Division
Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres (AC&ABC) Scheme	To create self-employment opportunities for unemployed individuals with agricultural qualifications for dissemination of information on modern agricultural technologies.	Agriculture Extension Division
Four Extension Education Institutes (EEIs)	To train middle-level extension functionaries on modern technologies for dissemination to farmers.	Agriculture Extension Division
Short Duration Skill Training of Rural Youth (STRY) scheme	To provide training on modern agricultural technology to rural youths and farmers in the short term.	National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE)
Diploma in Agricultural Extension Services for Input Dealers (DAESI)	To provide education in agriculture and other allied areas to input dealers to establish linkages with extension services on modern technology.	Agriculture Extension Division
Skill Training Courses in agriculture and allied areas	The objective is to develop a skilled workforce and encourage wage or self-employment opportunities for rural youths and farmers.	Agriculture Extension Division
National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A)	To release funds to states/UTs for projects involving the use of modern technologies such as AI, ML, robotics, drones, data analytics, and blockchain.	Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare
Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM)	To bring farm mechanization benefits to small and marginal farmers by promoting custom hiring centers, hi-tech equipment hubs, and capacity building activities.	Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare
National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)	To create a unified national market for agricultural commodities by networking existing Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) mandis.	Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
Integrated Scheme for Agricultural Marketing (AGMARKNET)	To provide subsidy support to create agricultural marketing infrastructure and provide web-based information flow on daily arrivals and prices of commodities in agricultural markets.	Directorate of Marketing and Inspection
Development of Agro-Processing Clusters	To create modern infrastructure for the processing of agricultural products.	Ministry of Food Processing Industries

Conclusion

Modern agricultural technology and practices can help increase agricultural productivity and efficiency in India. To promote the adoption of such technologies, the Indian government has implemented various schemes and programs, such as ATMA, KCC, SMAM and e-NAM. These initiatives aim to provide training and education on modern agricultural technologies, create awareness about new initiatives and improve access to markets and infrastructure. Through the continued implementation of these schemes and programs, the Indian agriculture sector can achieve sustainable growth and contribute to the country’s overall economic development.

Type of infestation

Most Affected States

Symptoms of Wheat Ear Cockle

Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Biological Measures

Chemical Measures

Wheat Crop at a Glance

Soil Requirements

Climatic Requirements

Package of Practices for Wheat Cultivation

Land Preparation

When to grow Maize crop

Seed rate and Spacing

Seed Treatment

Irrigation Schedule

Manures and Fertilizers

Inter-cultivation Practices

Crop Protection (Pests and Diseases)

Pests of wheat crop

Common diseases affecting wheat crop

Harvesting and Threshing

Average yield from Wheat farm

Varieties/Hybrids

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States

Symptoms of Wheat Flag Smut

Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Mechanical Measures

Biological Measures

Chemical Measures

Importance of Silicon for Crops

What are the sources of silicon for plants?

Different ways by which we can add or incorporate silicon nutrient into soil include;

Crops rich in Silicon

Unlock the power of silicon with ‘Geolife Tabsil’ for guaranteed strong plant growth!

Application Details

NOTE:

Conclusion

Symptoms of Downy Mildew in Cucurbits

Understand the Ideal conditions for Downy mildew development and spread

Preventive Measures for Downy Mildew in Cucurbits

Effective Management to Control the Disease

Note:

Diamondback Moth Symptoms in Crucifers

Diamondback Moth in Crucifers Preventive Measures

Economic Threshold Level (ETL)

Integrated Management of Diamondback Moth

Get a detailed insights on the ways to prevent and control this destructive pest – Click here

Scheme Overview

Objectives of National Programme for Dairy Development Scheme

Features

Benefits of the Scheme

Drawback

How to Apply?

Documents Required

Conclusion

Scheme Overview

Objectives of the Scheme

Benefits

Overview

Current MSP of all the 22 Crops

Important Information

Conclusion

A brief overview on all the schemes/programmes

Conclusion

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