Tackling Tobacco Caterpillars In Cotton: Effective Strategies For Crop Protection

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June 10, 2023

Tackling Tobacco Caterpillars In Cotton: Effective Strategies For Crop Protection

Spodoptera litura, commonly known as tobacco caterpillar or tobacco cutworm, is a notorious pest that poses a significant threat to cotton cultivation by impacting crop yield and quality. This polyphagous insect feeds voraciously on cotton leaves leading to defoliation and reduced yields. With its ability to complete multiple generations within a season and the challenge of insecticide resistance, effective management strategies are crucial. This article will explore the impact of tobacco caterpillars on cotton crops and various management measures to tackle their infestations.

The larva of the tobacco caterpillar can be identified by its pale greenish color with dark markings and adult moths have wavy white markings on a brown forewing. The larvae feed mainly during the night and seek protection by taking refuge in the soil during the day. Warm and humid climate, monocropping and late sowing are some of the favorable conditions for tobacco caterpillar infestation.

Type of Infestation

Tobacco caterpillar infests the cotton crop by feeding on the leaves, leading to defoliation and skeletonization of leaves.

Scientific Name: Spodoptera litura

Most Affected States

The exact distribution of Tobacco caterpillar in India is not well documented. However, they are known pests of cotton plants and are likely all cotton growing regions of the country.

Symptoms of Tobacco Caterpillars in Cotton

In the initial stage larvae feed gregariously on the leaf where the egg mass is deposited.
They scrape the epidermal layer of the leaves, resulting in skeletonization leaving only veins and midribs.
Skeletonized leaves may eventually dry out.
In later stages, larvae consume most of the leaf tissues and in severe cases only stem and side shoots can be seen remaining in the field without any leaf or bolls.
Once squares, flowers and bolls emerge, the larvae prefer to eat these rather than leaves. They bore into them, consuming the internal contents completely, which leads to the shedding of squares and young bolls.

Tobacco Caterpillars in Cotton Control Measures

Effective management of Tobacco caterpillars requires a combination of cultural, Physical, Mechanical, biological and chemical control measures.

Cultural Measures

Deep summer ploughing exposes the pupae to natural enemies and high temperatures.
Grow trap crops like castor along the borders of cotton field.
Early planting can avoid peak populations of tobacco caterpillars.
Removing the weeds and other debris can reduce the incidence of tobacco cutworms.
Proper nutrition management, including balanced fertilization and irrigation can also help to reduce the susceptibility of cotton plants to Spodoptera attacks.
Erect bird perches to encourage predatory birds.

Tobacco Caterpillars in Cotton Physical Measures

Light Traps play a major role in monitoring and killing adult tobacco caterpillar. Install Farmoguard Solar Light Trap in the fields at the rate of one per acre.

Mechanical Measures

Handpicking the caterpillars and destroying them is an effective way to reduce the population of tobacco cutworms.
Collect and destroy the egg masses from cotton as well as castor crops.
Tapas Tobacco Caterpillar Lure can be used to attract and trap adult Spodoptera moths. Install Funnel Trap with Spodo-O-Lure at the rate of 6 per acre for effective trapping.

Tobacco Caterpillars in Cotton Biological Measures

Delfin Bio Insecticide contains Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki which when sprayed at the rate of 1 gm per liter of water can effectively control Spodoptera in cotton.
Albata Royal Larvend is a bio larvicide or bio pesticide containing 100% organic plant derived solutions that is highly effective against all pests going through the larval stage. The recommended dosage is 2 ml per liter of water. In case of heavy infestation, repeat the spray every 7-10 days.
SUN BIO SLNPV is a viral insecticide based on Polyhedral Occluded Bodies of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Spodoptera litura. When sprayed, caterpillars get infected by virus and eventually die. For better results, spray SUN BIO SLNPV at 0.5 to 1ml per liter of water in the early morning or late evening hours.
Ecotin Insecticide is a neem based biological insecticide containing Azadirachtin, which can be used effectively to control Spodoptera. The recommended dosage is 0.4 – 0.7ml per liter of water.

Chemical Measures

Chemical measures include the application of commercial insecticides to control tobacco cutworms. Insecticides that can be used to control are mentioned below,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Coragen Insecticide	Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC	0.3 ml/lit of water
Katyayani Chakrawarti	Thiamethoxam 12.6% + Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC	0.4 ml/lit water
Largo Insecticide	Spinetoram 11.7% SC	0.9 ml/lit water
Fluton Insecticide	Flubendiamide 20% WG	0.5 gm/lit water
Godrej Gracia Insecticide	Fluxametamide 10% EC	0.8 ml/lit water
Starclaim Insecticide	Emamectin benzoate 5% SG	0.5 gm/lit water
Keefun Insecticide	Tolfenpyrad 15% EC	2 ml/lit water
Benevia Insecticide	Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD	1.8 ml/lit water

Post Harvest Disease Management In Mango

By

Deepika M

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June 9, 2023

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Post Harvest Disease Management In Mango

As you enjoy a bountiful mango harvest from your farm and eagerly anticipate the summer profits, there’s a crucial matter that demands your immediate attention.

Did you know that your mangoes are still at risk even after being plucked from the trees? Yes, it is. Post harvest Mango diseases such Anthracnose, Stem End Rot and Aspergillus Rot can pose a threat to your mangoes and potentially affect your earnings by reducing marketability.

Don’t let your profits wipe off! Identify the factors that favour their development, spot the signs early and implement effective control measures to secure your hard-earned success.

Common Post-Harvest Mango Diseases

Anthracnose in Mango

Anthracnose is a common fungal disease caused by the fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. It is highly prevalent in regions with frequent rainfall during mango fruit development and maturity. The disease spreads through spores that are dispersed by wind, rain, insects and pruning tools. The spores can enter the mango tree through wounds.

Fruits can become infected at any time when weather conditions are favourable, such as optimal temperatures (20-30°C), high relative humidity, prolonged rainfall or heavy dew.

Symptoms of Anthracnose in Mango

Anthracnose disease affects leaves, twigs, young flowers and fruits causing blighted foliage, blossom blight, withered tip and fruit rot.
Anthracnose affected fruits will show dark, irregular sunken lesions or spots on the fruit surface. These lesions may start small and gradually grow larger leading to fruit rot.
They often have a slightly raised, corky texture.
The whole fruit may turn black and shrivel under severe infection.
In some cases, anthracnose infection can lead to gumming or oozing of a dark-colored sap from infected areas on the fruit, leaves, or twigs.

Stem End Rot in Mango

Stem end rot is caused by the soil borne fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae. The disease primarily targets the stem end or pedicel region of the fruit. This disease incidence is favoured by high temperature and rainfall.

Symptoms of Stem End Rot in Mango

Infected fruits exhibit dark brown to black discoloration at the stem end, spreading towards the upper portion of the fruit.
The affected area appears sunken or depressed, often surrounded by a water-soaked margin.
Under humid conditions, these affected areas rapidly expand and within just a couple of days, the entire fruit turns completely black.
As the disease progresses, an unpleasant odor may be emitted from the decaying fruit.

Aspergillus Rot / Black Mould Rot in Mango

Aspergillus rot, also known as black mould rot, is caused by various species of the fungus Aspergillus sp. The fungus primarily infects ripe or overripe fruits, particularly those that have cut surface or wounds or injured during harvesting or handling. The disease development is more prevalent under high temperature (30 – 36°C).

Symptoms of Aspergillus Rot in Mango

Greenish-black or grayish-green mould growth on the fruit’s surface.
As the disease progresses, the infected areas become sunken or depressed, often with a soft, decayed texture beneath the mouldy surface.
Affected fruits may emit a characteristic musty or moldy smell.
The fungus may produce abundant spores, which form a dusty or powdery black fungal layer on the fruit surface.

Management of Post Harvest Mango Diseases

Pre-harvest Management

Regularly remove and destroy infected plant debris, fallen fruits and diseased plant material from the orchard.
Do not harvest immature fruits.
Harvest the fruits with 10 mm stalk (in case of stem end rot).
Spray Carbendazim 50% DF (2 gm/lit of water) or Thiophanate methyl 70% WP (0.5 gm/lit of water) or Mancozeb 75% WP (3 – 4 gm/lit of water) at weekly interval during flowering, followed by monthly sprays until harvest. Cease spraying 14 days before harvest.
During dry weather, flower sprays can be reduced to 2 weeks intervals.
Spraying Copper oxychloride at 2 g/lit of water can also help control anthracnose. However, avoid using copper oxychloride during flowering.

Post-harvest Management

Dip the fruit within 24 hours of harvest in hot water at a temperature of 52°C combined with 0.5 – 1 ml of Carbendazim per liter of water. Treat the fruits by fully submerging them for 15 minutes in this dip solution.
Store the fruits in a well-ventilated place.
Handle mangoes with care during harvest to minimize physical damage that can provide entry points for fungal infection.
Avoid long term storage of fruits from the orchards with history of stem rot losses.

(Note: The dipping temperature should not exceed 52°C to avoid skin damage. During wet weather condition, reduce the temperature to 50°C)

Explore our guide to profitable mango farming: Healthy Trees, Bounty Harvest.

Kisan Credit Card (KCC): Benefits and Application Process

By

Deepika M

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June 9, 2023

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The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme, introduced in 1998, has been a significant initiative in providing timely and adequate credit to farmers in India. The scheme is implemented by various agencies, including cooperative banks, regional rural banks, scheduled commercial banks and small finance banks, with the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) acting as the nodal agency. The core objective of the KCC Scheme is to address the credit requirements of farmers and support them in meeting their agricultural and allied needs.

Scheme Overview

Scheme Name: Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme
Scheme Launch Year: 1998
Scheme Fund Allocated: The scheme does not have a fixed allocation of funds as it depends on the financial institution providing the credit.
Type of Scheme: Central Government of India
Website to apply: The application process varies depending on the issuing bank or financial institution.
Scheme Type: National Scheme
Covered States: The KCC Credit Card covers all states across India, including Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal.

Features of KCC Scheme

Loan Amount: Farmers can avail of loans of up to Rs. 3 lakhs, enabling them to meet their financial requirements.
Loan Repayment Period: The credit facility is available for a period of up to 3 years, allowing farmers to repay the loan over a reasonable timeframe.
Collateral Requirement: For loans up to Rs. 1.60 lakhs, no collateral is required, easing the burden of providing additional security.
Card Validity: The Kisan Credit Card Scheme is valid for 5 years, subject to an annual review to ensure continued eligibility and creditworthiness.
ATM-enabled RuPay Card: The KCC credit card comes with an ATM-enabled RuPay Card, enabling farmers to access their funds conveniently.
Insurance Coverage: The scheme provides insurance coverage of up to Rs. 50,000 for permanent disability or death and up to Rs. 25,000 for other risks, providing a safety net for unforeseen circumstances.
Built-in Cost Escalation: The PM Kisan Credit Card incorporates a provision for built-in cost escalation, considering the inflationary impact on agricultural activities.
Flexible Withdrawals: Farmers can make any number of withdrawals within the prescribed credit limit, facilitating their cash flow requirements.
Applicable Lending Rate to Farmers: 7% Rate of Interest
Additional Interest Subvention: Farmers who repay their kisan credit card loan on time receive an additional interest subvention of 3% per annum which means the effective rate of interest for those will be 4 %.

Benefits of Kisan Credit Card

Covers various activities: The credit can be availed for short-term credit requirement viz, cultivation of crops, post-harvest expenses, produce marketing loans, consumption requirements of households, maintenance of farm assets and activities allied to agriculture, investment credit for agriculture and allied activities.
Accessibility: The scheme ensures that farmers have access to timely and adequate credit, allowing them to meet their various agricultural and allied needs.
No Collateral Requirement: For loans up to Rs. 1.60 lakhs, farmers are relieved from the burden of providing collateral, making credit more accessible to a wider range of farmers.
Financial Security: The insurance coverage provided under the scheme offers financial security to farmers and their families in the event of unforeseen circumstances.
Simplified Banking: The KCC comes with an ATM-enabled RuPay Card, enabling farmers to withdraw funds conveniently and perform transactions at various locations.
Affordable Interest Rates: With a lending rate of 7% and interest subvention to lending institutions, the KCC Scheme offers credit at affordable rates to farmers.
Encouragement for Timely Repayment: The additional interest subvention of 3% per annum incentivizes farmers to repay their loans on time, promoting financial discipline and reducing the burden of interest.

Drawback of the Scheme

While the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme has proven to be beneficial for a majority of farmers, it may not be as useful for those who do not engage in agricultural activities, allied activities, non-farming activities, animal husbandry, or fisheries. The scheme primarily targets individuals involved in these sectors, which may limit its applicability to certain segments of the farming community.

How to Apply for the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme?

To apply for the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme, follow these steps:

Step 1: Visit the website or branch of the bank or financial institution offering the KCC scheme.
Step 2: Obtain the Kisan Credit Card apply form.
Step 3: Fill in the required details accurately, providing the necessary information about your agricultural activities and financial needs in the kisan credit card kcc form.
Step 4: Attach the required documents, such as proof of identity, proof of address and land documents.
Step 5: Submit the completed application form along with the documents to the bank or financial institution.
Step 6: The bank or financial institution will process the application and issue the Kisan Credit Card within 14 days.

For the Kisan credit card online apply, visit the Kisan credit card official website where you can complete the entire process online.

Kisan Credit Card Documents Required

Proof of identity (Aadhaar card, voter ID, etc.)
Proof of address (electricity bill, ration card, driving license, etc.)
Land documents (ownership documents, tenancy agreement, lease agreement, etc.)
Passport-size photographs
Any other documents required by the bank or financial institution for the application process.

Conclusion

The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme has played a vital role in providing farmers with accessible and affordable credit to meet their agricultural and allied needs. By simplifying the credit process, offering insurance coverage and providing an ATM-enabled RuPay Card, the scheme has significantly benefited the agricultural sector and improved the financial well-being of farmers across India. Kisan Credit Card Yojana primarily targets individuals engaged in agriculture-related activities, it remains an important tool for empowering farmers and supporting their livelihoods

Explore our article on the Soil Health Card Scheme to understand its benefits, how it works, and its impact on improving soil health for better farming.

Management Of Aphids In Cotton

By

Mahalakshmi S

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June 9, 2023

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As you walk through your cotton fields, have you noticed small pests feasting on your cotton crops, sapping their vitality and hindering their growth? These pesky intruders are none other than cotton aphids.

They are small, sap-sucking insects that pose a significant challenge to cotton cultivation worldwide. With their sap sucking behavior, cotton aphids can stunt plant growth, lead to gradual drying and even cause stunt growth. But, by implementing IPM strategies you can effectively combat cotton aphids and safeguard the health and productivity of your cotton fields. In this article, we will explore the impact of cotton aphids and provide practical solutions for managing these tiny but destructive pests.

Type of Infestation

Cotton Aphids are a type of sap feeder, which feeds on the sap of the cotton plants.

Scientific Name: Aphis gossypii

Most Affected States Due to Cotton Aphids

Aphids are most common pest of cotton in many regions of India. Some of the major affected state in India include Assam, Orissa, West Bengal, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Symptoms of Cotton Aphids

Cotton aphids mainly infest tender shoots and undersurface of the leaves of cotton plants.
They suck the sap from plants and cause stunted growth.
As a result of sucking, gradual drying can be seen which eventually leads to death of the cotton plants.
The infested plants may also develop sooty mould growth, which is a result of the honeydew excreted by cotton aphids

Cotton Aphids Control Measures

Cotton Aphids can be controlled by practicing Integrated Pest Management methods which includes cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical measures.

Cultural Measures

Regularly remove weeds and other debris in and around cotton fields.
Avoid applying excessive dozes of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Proper nutrition management, including balanced fertilization and irrigation can also help to reduce the susceptibility of cotton plants to aphids’ attacks.

Mechanical Measures

Collect and destroy the infected plant parts.
Tapas Yellow Sticky Traps at the rate of 6-8 traps per acre can be used for the effective control of aphids in cotton fields.

Cotton Aphids Biological Measures

Release natural predators such as lady bird beetles, green lacewing, hoverflies and spiders etc. These predators feed on aphids and can help to keep their numbers in check.
Also release parasitoid like Aphelinus sp., to effectively control cotton aphids’ populations.
Greenpeace Neemol Bio Neem Oil Insecticide contains neem-based products azadirachtin which when used at the rate of 1-2 ml per liter of water with 15 days interval between each spray can effectively control aphids in cotton fields.
Amruth Alestra Liquid and Amruth Almax Liquid are biological insecticides containing the strains of naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi Verticillium lecanii and Beauveria bassiana respectively, which comes in contact with the cuticle of the cotton aphids and colonizes them. The recommended dosage is 2 ml per liter of water.

Cotton Aphids Chemical Measures

Chemical control is often necessary to control cotton aphids when other control measures are not effective. The following are some commercial chemicals that are commonly used to control aphids in cotton crops:

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Battalion Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 25% WG	0.5 gm/lit water
Anant Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 25% WG	0.5 gm/lit water
Katyayani IMD – 178	Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL	0.25 ml/lit water
Ulala Insecticide	Flonicamid 50% WG	0.4 gm/lit water
Pager Insecticide	Diafenthiuron 50% WP	1 gm/lit water
HI field AG Pyramid Insecticide	Acetamaprid 20% SP	0.5 gm/lit water
Alika Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 12.6% + Lambda-cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC	0.4 ml/lit of water
Shinzen Plus Insecticide	Fipronil 5% SC	3-4 ml/lit of water
Tafgor Insecticide	Dimethoate 30% EC	2 ml/lit of water
Benevia Insecticide	Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD	1.8 ml/lit water
Osheen Insecticide	Dinotefuran 20 % SG	0.75 gm/lit water
Sivanto Bayer Insecticide	Flupyradifurone 17.09% SL	2 ml/lit water

Management of Mites in Cotton- CLICK HERE

Integrated Management Strategies For American Bollworm In Cotton Crops

By

Mahalakshmi S

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June 9, 2023

0

Integrated Management Strategies For American Bollworm In Cotton Crops

Are you concerned about the impact of American bollworm on your valuable cotton crops? Uncover vital information and proven strategies to combat this persistent pest by exploring the insights provided in this article!

Helicoverpa armigera, commonly known as the American bollworm, poses a significant challenge to agricultural productivity particularly in the cultivation of cotton crops. It is one of the destructive pests in agriculture. This voracious insect pest is notorious for its wide range of host plants and ability to cause substantial yield losses if left unmanaged. In cotton, their population normally peaks during boll development stage, which results in high yield loss.

Type of Infestation

American bollworm infests the cotton crop by feeding on all parts of the plant and leading to reduced yield.

Scientific Name: Helicoverpa armigera

Most Affected States

Helicoverpa armigera is found throughout the country, but the most affected states are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Symptoms of American Bollworm in Cotton

The larva of American bollworm feeds on all parts of plants including leaves, squares, flowers and small bolls.
In the early stage, larva feeds on the tender leaves.
Whereas in the later stage, they feed on the internal content of squares or bolls by thrusting their head inside while leaving the rest of the body outside.
The presence of bore holes with frass material excreted by larva can be seen on the infested bolls.
As a result of damage, the affected squares and bolls fall off from the plants.

American Bollworm in Cotton Control Measures

A combination of different control measures is often required to effectively manage American bollworm infestations in cotton crops. The following are some common IPM practices used to control American bollworms.

Cultural Measures

Cultivate Helicoverpa resistant cotton varieties like L1245, LD135, Sujata, LK861 and Abadhita etc.
Deep summer ploughing exposes the hibernating insects to the sun and predatory birds.
Avoid the practice of repeatedly cultivating cotton in the same area during both winter and summer seasons.
Grow intercrops like greengram, blackgram, soyabean, castor, sorghum etc., with cotton to reduce the bollworm infestation.
Erect bird perches to encourage predatory birds.
Proper nutrition management, including balanced fertilization and irrigation can also help to reduce the susceptibility of cotton plants to American bollworm attacks.

Physical Measures

Light Traps play a major role in trapping adult American bollworm insects. Install Farmoguard Solar Light Trap in the fields at the rate of one per acre.

American Bollworm in Cotton Mechanical Measures

Hand picking and destroying the caterpillar is an effective way to reduce American bollworm population.
Remove and destroy the crop residues to prevent the carry-over of pests to the next season.
Tapas Helico Cotton Bollworm Lure can be used to attract and trap American bollworm. Install Funnel Trap with Helic-O-Lure at the rate of 6 per acre for effective trapping.

Biological Measures

Encourage bio control agents like an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma sp., at 2.5cc per acre at 15 days interval 3 times from 45 days after sowing.
We can also release an egg larval parasitoid Chelonus blackburnii and the predator Chrysoperla to keep the American bollworm population in check.
Vedagna Nobor Bio Insecticide is a combination of biological inputs containing natural plant extracts which imparts resistance against American bollworm. The recommended dosage is 2.5-3 ml per liter of water.
Delfin Bio Insecticide contains Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki which when sprayed at the rate of 1 gm per liter of water can effectively control Helicoverpa in cotton.
Farmroot HeraNPV is a viral insecticide based on Polyhedral Occluded Bodies of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Helicoverpa armigera. When sprayed, caterpillars get infected by virus and eventually die. For better results, spray HeraNPV at 0.5 to 1 ml per liter of water in the early morning or late evening hours.

American Bollworm in Cotton Chemical Measures

In case of severe infestation, chemical management may be necessary. Some of the commercial chemicals used for controlling American bollworms are mentioned in the table below,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Delegate insecticide	Spinetoram 11.7% SC	0.9 – 1 ml/lit water
Plethora Insecticide	Novaluron 5.25% + Indoxacarb 4.5% SC	2 ml/lit water
Rimon Insecticide	Novaluron 10 % EC	2 ml/lit water
Fluton Insecticide	Flubendiamide 20% WG	0.5 gm/lit water
Vesticor Insecticide	Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC	0.3 ml/lit water
Coragen Insecticide	Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC	0.3 ml/lit water
Tracer Insecticide	Spinosad 44.03% SC	0.3-0.4 ml/lit of water
Cigna Insecticide	Lufenuron 5.4 % EC	2 ml/lit water
Starclaim Insecticide	Emamectin benzoate 5% SG	0.5 gm/lit water

Defeating Cotton Thrips: A Guide For Successful Management – See More

Production Linked Incentives Scheme For Food Processing Industry For Millets Based Production (PLISMBP)

By

Deepika M

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June 9, 2023

0

The Production Linked Incentives Scheme for Food Processing Industry for Millets based production (PLISMBP) was launched in 2022 by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MOFPI) as a sub-component of the PLI Scheme for Food Processing Industry. The scheme aims to encourage the use of millets in Ready to Cook/Ready to Eat (RTC/RTE) products and promote their value addition and sales in the domestic and export markets.

Scheme Overview

Scheme Name: Production Linked Incentives Scheme for Food Processing Industry for Millets based production (PLISMBP)
Scheme Modified/Implemented: 2022
Scheme Fund Allocated: Rs. 800 crores (Rs. 500 crore for incentives to Large Entity, Rs 300 crore for incentives to MSME)
Type of Government Scheme: Central Government Scheme

Features of PLISMBP Scheme

Costing:

Outlay: Rs 800 crores
Tenure: 2022-23 to 2026-27

Eligibility:

Applicant: Proprietary Firm, Partnership Firm / Limited Liability Partnership / Company registered in India, Co-operatives, MSME
Classification: MSME and Large Entity
Minimum Sales for Eligibility for Large Entity: Rs 250 Crores
Minimum Sales for Eligibility for MSME: Rs 2 Crores
Udyam Registration Certificate is compulsory for MSMEs
Minimum CAGR of 10% on sales of eligible products required for grant of incentive

Incentives:

Large Entity: Up to Rs 100 crore of allocated outlay
MSME: Up to Rs 40 crore of allocated outlay

4. Implemented through Project Management Agencies and monitored by Empowered Group of Secretaries:

In the Production Linked Incentives Scheme for Food Processing Industry for Millets-based production (PLISMBP), the base year plays a crucial role in calculating sales, incremental sales and the corresponding incentives. Let’s take a closer look at the base year allocation:

For the first three years of the scheme (2022-23 to 2024-25), the base year for calculation purposes is set as 2020-21. This means that the sales, incremental sales and incentives payable during this period will be evaluated and compared against the sales achieved in the base year.
As we move forward, the base year shifts for the fourth and fifth years. For the fourth year (2025-26), the base year considered will be 2022-23, and for the fifth year (2026-27), the base year will be 2023-24. This adjustment ensures that the scheme’s evaluation remains accurate and up to date as time progresses.

Latest News about the scheme

The scheme has gained attention in the news recently due to its focus on promoting millet-based products. Given 2023 being celebrated as the International Year of Millets (IYM), the scheme was introduced to encourage the use of millets in food products and increase their value addition. A global event and exhibition-cum-buyer-seller meet were organized in collaboration with APEDA to promote millets and attract domestic and international exporters.

Benefits

Encourages the use of millets in Ready to Cook/Ready to Eat products
Incentivizes value addition and sales of millet-based products in domestic and export markets
Promotes the consumption of millet and their nutritional benefits
Supports the growth of the food processing industry and generates employment opportunities

Drawback of the Scheme

The scheme may not be useful for farmers who primarily deal with primary processed millet commodities such as de-husked/polished millet grains, millet flours/atta, and colour-sorted millet grains as these products are excluded from the eligible food products list.

How to Apply?

To apply for the PLISMBP scheme, follow these steps

Visit the official website.
Fill the application
Attach the necessary documents.
Apply online.
Keep track of the status of your application through the provided application number.

Documents Required

Applicant’s registration certificate (proprietary firm, partnership firm / LLP / company)
Udyam Registration Certificate (for MSME applicants)
Sales data for the base year and subsequent years
Other relevant documents as specified

Conclusion

The Production Linked Incentives Scheme for Food Processing Industry for Millets-based production (PLISMBP) is a government initiative aimed at promoting millet-based products and increasing their value addition in the food processing industry. The scheme offers incentives to both MSMEs and large entities to encourage the use of millets in Ready to Cook/Ready to Eat (RTC/RTE) food products. By promoting the consumption of millet, the scheme contributes to the growth of the food processing sector and provides employment opportunities.

Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana

By

Mahalakshmi S

-

June 9, 2023

0

Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridi sah-Yojana

The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi sah-Yojana (PMSSY) is a central sector scheme launched in 2023 by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying. The scheme aims to enhance the earnings and incomes of fishermen, fish vendors and micro and small enterprises engaged in the fisheries sector.

Scheme Overview

Scheme Name: Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi sah-Yojana
Scheme Modified/Implemented: 2023
Scheme Fund Allocated: INR 6000 crores
Type of Government Scheme: Central scheme
Sponsored/Sector Scheme: Sector scheme
Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying

Features of the Scheme

The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi sah-Yojana offers the following key features:

Feature	Details
Formalization of the fisheries sector	Focus on expanding the domestic market and creating job opportunities for women
Digital inclusions	Facilitates access to institutional finance for capital investment and working capital
Incentives for reducing risk in aquaculture and fisheries	Promotes system and institution building to reduce risks and enhance efficiencies
Incentives for micro and small enterprises	Encourages microenterprises in fisheries and aquaculture to work on value chain efficiencies
Establishing supply chains for fish product delivery to consumers	Incentivizes micro and small enterprises to establish supply chains for the delivery of fish products

The scheme was recently launched in the year 2023. In the budget for FY 2023-24, a total of INR 2248.77 crore has been allocated to the Department of Fisheries, marking a significant increase of 38.45% over the budget of FY 2022-23. Furthermore, India has achieved remarkable growth in the fisheries sector, becoming the 3rd largest fish producer, 2nd largest aquaculture producer, and 4th largest exporter of fish and fisheries products.

Benefits of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi sah-Yojana

Enhances the earnings and incomes of fishermen, fish vendors and micro and small enterprises in the fisheries sector.
Expands the domestic market for fish products.
Provides incentives for job creation, especially for women in the sector.
Facilitates access to institutional finance for capital investment and working capital.
Reduces risks in aquaculture and fisheries operations.
Promotes value chain efficiencies and establishes supply chains for fish product delivery.

Drawback

It is important to note that the scheme’s effectiveness may vary based on specific circumstances and the segment of the fishing community. Some potential drawbacks may include:

The scheme may have limited impact if the fisherfolk belong to certain marginalized or remote communities that face challenges in accessing the benefits.
The scheme’s success depends on proper implementation and coordination at various levels.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi sah-Yojana is a significant step towards boosting the earnings and incomes of fishermen, fish vendors and micro and small enterprises in the fisheries sector. With its focus on formalization, digital inclusion and incentives for value chain efficiencies, the scheme aims to expand the domestic market, create job opportunities for women and reduce risks in aquaculture and fisheries operations. The increase in budget allocation and India’s remarkable growth in the fisheries sector further highlight the government’s commitment to supporting and promoting this vital industry. However, it is crucial to ensure effective implementation and address any potential challenges to ensure that the benefits of the scheme reach all segments of the fishing community.

Soft Rot Threat: Protecting Ginger From Destruction

By

Deepika M

-

June 8, 2023

0

Soft Rot Threat: Protecting Ginger From Destruction

Did you know that ginger is a highly demanded spice crop, with India alone producing around 2.12 million metric tons in 2022?

However, diseases like soft rot or rhizome rot can threaten your yield, quality, and marketability. But fear not! You have the power to protect your rhizomes and achieve a thriving ginger field. Say goodbye to worries about market value as buyers will no longer reject your produce due to disease concerns. Get ready to enjoy better prices and greater profitability.

All you want to know about the pathogen’s survival conditions

Soft rot in ginger is caused by soil-borne fungi, namely Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium vexans and Pythium myriotylum. These fungi thrive in warm and moist conditions, typically during the onset of the southwest monsoon.

They have two ways of survival:

They can persist in diseased rhizomes that are kept for seed purposes and
They produce resting spores that can contaminate the soil from infected rhizomes.

Younger ginger sprouts are particularly vulnerable to these pathogens and the disease becomes more severe when accompanied by nematode infestations. Inadequate soil drainage, leading to waterlogged conditions in the field, further increases the intensity of the disease.

Identify the signs of soft rot in your ginger field

Symptoms of soft rot or rhizome rot in ginger begin at the collar region of the pseudo stem and progresses both upwards and downwards.
The affected collar region becomes brown and water-soaked (soft and mushy to touch).
The rotting spreads to the rhizomes resulting in soft rot with a distinct foul smell.
As the disease progresses, the roots may also become infected. Affected stems can be easily pulled off.
Light yellowing of the leaf margins on the lower leaves, which gradually extends to the entire leaf surface.
During the early stages of the disease infection, the middle portion of the leaves may remain green while the margins turn yellow.
The yellowing then spreads to all leaves of the plant, starting from the lower region and moving upwards.
Affected pseudo stems droop, wither and dry.

Rhizome Rot or Soft Rot in Ginger Management

Cultural Management soft rot in ginger

Select disease free seed rhizomes for planting.
Select well-drained soils for planting ginger.
Before planting, cover the moist soil with transparent polythene sheet for about 45 – 50 days (Soil solarization).
Follow crop rotation with non-host crops like maize, soybean or cotton for at least 2 – 3 years.

Mechanical Management soft rot in ginger

Remove and destroy the infected plants if you notice them in the field.

Biological Management soft rot in ginger

Treat the seed rhizomes with Trichoderma viride or Trichoderma harzianum or Pseudomonas fluroscens at 10 – 20 gm/lit of water before sowing.
Apply Trichoderma viride or Trichoderma harzianum or Pseudomonas fluroscens as mentioned below 10 – 15 days before sowing. In addition, apply neem cake at the rate of 1 kg per acre along with the bio-control agents.

Product name	Technical content	Dosage
Anshul Trichomax	Trichoderma viride	Soil Drenching: 3 gm/lit of water Soil Application: 2 kg of product + 100 kg of FYM/compost
Multiplex Safe Root Bio Nematicide	Trichoderma harzianum	Soil Drenching: 10 gm/lit of water Soil application: 2 – 5 kg of product + 500 kg of compost
Ecomonas	Pseudomonas fluorescens	Soil Drenching: 10 gm/lit of water Soil Application: 2 – 3 kg/acre

Chemical Management soft rot in ginger

Treat the seed rhizomes with Mancozeb 75% WP (3 gm/kg of seeds) or Metalaxyl 4% + Mancozeb 64% WP (1.5 gm/kg seed) for 30 minutes before storage as well as before planting to reduce the disease incidence.
Apply Neel Cu-Copper EDTA 12% at 0.5 gm/lit of water (dry conditions) or at 1.5 – 2 gm/lit of water (wet or rainy conditions).
Drench the soil with any of these mentioned fungicides or 1% Bordeaux mixture.

Product name	Technical content	Dosage
Indofil M-45 Fungicide	Mancozeb 75% WP	2 – 3 gm/lit of water
Ridomil Gold Fungicide	Metalaxyl 4% + Mancozeb 64% WP	1.5 gm/lit of water
Blue Copper Fungicide	Copper oxychloride 50% WP	2 gm/lit of water

Read more: Ginger Planting & Best Practices.

Defeating Gummy Stem Blight: Strategies For Cucurbit Growers

By

Deepika M

-

June 8, 2023

0

Defeating Gummy Stem Blight: Strategies for Cucurbit Growers

“Chlorosis of leaf margins, wilting, oozing of gum, cracking of fruits” – Are you seeing these signs in your cucurbits farm?

If yes, it’s high time to take immediate action against this highly destructive fungal disease: gummy stem blight. This fungus has the ability to spread rapidly, causing significant damage and loss to your crops. Visualize the devastating consequences of allowing this disease, caused by the pathogen Didymella bryoniae, to go unchecked. It can lead to substantial yield losses and a decline in fruit quality.

Whether you’re already engaged in cucurbit farming, or if you’re planning to venture into it, it is crucial to familiarize yourself with the signs and causes of gummy stem blight and equip you with the tools to safeguard your harvest.

Symptoms of Gummy Stem Blight in Cucurbits

Gummy stem blight symptoms can be observed on all parts of the plant except the roots.

Leaves:

Initially, water-soaked leaf spots can be seen, particularly near the leaf margins where chlorosis (yellowing) may also be observed.
Infections can occur on young seedlings, presenting light to dark brown spots on the cotyledons.
These spots may expand, merge together and result in leaf blighting and wilting.

Stems:

If the infection occurs in the nursery, it can cause stem splitting, wilting and under severe conditions, the affected seedlings die.
On the stems, the infection appears as brown water-soaked lesions that develop into stem cankers. These cankers exude a gummy brown fluid.

Fruits:

Fruits of affected plants show cracking and rotting symptoms.
Additionally, they may exhibit a characteristic black rot, which manifests as rotting with a black color.

Causes of the disease

Following are the conditions which create favourable conditions for the disease to develop and spread;

High humidity levels of around 85% and moist conditions, especially with frequent rains or overhead irrigation and poor drainage.
Infected seeds used for planting.
Wind and rain splashes facilitating the disease’s dissemination within and between fields.
Undecomposed plant material provides reservoir for fungus survival.
Alternate host plants and weeds.
Contaminated tools, equipment or even through clothing of farm workers.

Ways to Prevent Gummy Stem Blight in Cucurbits

Use disease free healthy seeds from reputed source. Treat the seeds before sowing to avoid infection.
Take proper precaution measures during nursery, by cleaning and disinfesting the growing area regularly and inspecting seedlings for at least every 2 days for any signs of spots/patches and remove all infected seedlings and burn.
Deep plough the soil during summer to expose and kill the fungal spores.
Keep the field free from weeds.
Avoid overcrowding of plants for allowing proper penetration of air and sunlight.
Avoid overhead irrigation to avoid wetting of leaves and spreading of fungal spores to other healthy plants.
Rotate the crop every 2 years with non-host crops like Brassicas, onion and legumes.
Avoid any damage to the plants as well as fruits to avoid entry of fungus through wounds.
Collect and burn all the plant debris after harvest.

Management of Gummy Stem Blight in Cucurbits

1. Biological Management

Spray or drench with Trichoderma viride or Pseudomonas or Bacillus spp, 15 days after sowing at every 15 days interval to prevent and manage gummy stem blight disease in melons and other cucurbits.

Product name	Technical content	Dosage
Anand Dr Bacto’s Fluro	Pseudomonas fluorescens	Foliar: 2.5 ml/lit of water Drenching: 10 ml/lit of water
Multiplex Nisarga	Trichoderma viride	Foliar: 3 gm/lit of water Soil Application: 1 – 2 kg of the product + 100 kg of FYM
Mildown Bio Fungicide	Bacillus subtilis	Seed treatment: 0.15 – 0.2 ml/kg seed Seedling treatment/nursery bed: 5 ml/lit Drip: 2.5 ml/lit of water
Multiplex Bio-Jodi	Bacillus spp. & Pseudomonas spp	Foliar: 5 gm/lit of water Soil Application: 2 – 5 kg of product + 120 – 150 kg of FYM

2. Chemical Management

It is recommended to apply fungicides preventively in combination, about 1 week after germination or when the plants have 3-4 leaves to minimize crop damage and losses to a greater extent. As a curative measure, spray fungicides after disease occurrence and at appropriate developmental stages of the crop.

Product name	Technical content	Dosage
Krilaxyl Powder	Metalaxyl 35% WS	Seed treatment: 6 – 7 gm/kg seed
Amistar Top Fungicide	Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC	1 ml/lit of water
Cabrio Top Fungicide	Metiram 55% + Pyraclostrobin 5% WG	3 – 3.5 gm/lit of water
Roko Fungicide	Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP	Foliar: 0.5 gm/lit of water or Drench: 2 – 4 gm/lit of water
Splash Fungicide	Chlorothalonil 75% WP	2 gm/lit of water
Kocide Fungicide	Copper Hydroxide 53.8% DF	2 gm/lit of water
Tata Master Fungicide	Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP	1.5 – 2.5 gm/lit of water
Custodia Fungicide	Azoxystrobin 11% + Tebuconazole 18.3% w/w SC	1.5 ml/lit of water
Curzate Fungicide	Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP	2 – 2.5 gm/lit of water

Learn more about Gummy Stem Blight in Watermelon. CLICK HERE

Promotion Of Agricultural Mechanization For In-Situ Management of Crop Residue

By

Deepika M

-

June 8, 2023

0

The Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization for In-Situ Management of Crop Residue scheme was launched by the Government of India in 2018 to promote the use of agricultural machinery for in-situ management of crop residue. The core objective of the scheme is to address the problem of crop residue burning, which causes air pollution and environmental degradation.

Objectives of the Scheme

To address the problem of crop residue burning which leads to air pollution and environmental degradation.
To create awareness about the effective utilization and management of crop residues.
To promote management by farm machinery banks in Custom hiring service centres (CHSCs) to help the small and marginal farmers in crop residue management

Scheme Overview

Scheme Modified: The scheme was implemented in 2018 and has not been modified since then.
Scheme Fund Allocated: The government has allocated Rs. 1,151 crore for the scheme.
Type of Government Scheme: Central Government of India
Sponsored/Sector Scheme: Sector Scheme

Features

The following are the features of the Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization for In-Situ Management of Crop Residue scheme:

Features	Details
Financial assistance	80% for establishing Custom Hiring Service Centres (CHSCs) to Farmer Producer Organizations and Cooperative societies and Panchayats upto Rs. 5 lakhs to be implemented by State governments, Public Sector Undertakings of Government of India and its organizations. (CHSCs are non-transferable)
Financial assistance	50% for procurement of the agricultural machinery and equipment for crop residue management to be implemented by State governments (non-transferable upto five years except in genuine case).
Training	Creating awareness about crop residue management to be implemented by State govt., State Institutions (SAUs). Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), Public Sector Undertakings, Indian Council of Agricultural Research & Central Government institutions.

Latest News about the scheme

As of May 2023, the government has provided subsidies to over 1 million farmers to purchase agricultural machinery for in-situ management of crop residue.

Benefits of ‘Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization for In-Situ Management of Crop Residue’ scheme

The Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization for In-Situ Management of Crop Residue scheme has the following benefits:

Reduces air pollution caused by crop residue burning
Improves soil health by enhancing organic content
Reduces the time and cost of crop residue management
Increases crop productivity by improving soil health

High Powered Committee (HPC) finalizes and periodically amends the specifications of the crop residue management implements/machines and provides help in the implementation. The scheme applies to farmers who cultivate crops in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi, which are the states most affected by crop residue burning. The scheme is implemented by the central government and is available to farmers across the country. However, the scheme guidelines and eligibility criteria may differ from state to state depending on the state government’s policies.

Drawback

While the Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization for In-Situ Management of Crop Residue scheme has several benefits, some drawbacks need to be taken into consideration. The following are some of the drawbacks of the scheme:

High capital investment: One of the main drawbacks of the scheme is that it requires a high capital investment to purchase agricultural machinery for in-situ management of crop residue.
Limited reach: The scheme is currently only available in certain states of India, which limits its reach.
Limited awareness: Many farmers in India are not aware of the scheme and its benefits. This is especially true for farmers in remote areas who do not have access to information about the scheme. As a result, they may not be able to take advantage of the scheme even if they are eligible.
Lack of infrastructure: Another challenge is the lack of infrastructure to support the use of agricultural machinery for in-situ management of crop residue. This includes the availability of repair and maintenance services, as well as the availability of spare parts. Without adequate infrastructure, farmers may face difficulties in using the machinery effectively.

The Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization for In-Situ Management of Crop Residue scheme is a crucial initiative by the Government of India to reduce air pollution caused by crop residue burning and improve soil health. The scheme provides financial assistance to farmers to purchase agricultural machinery for in-situ management of crop residue, which ultimately leads to increased crop productivity and reduced cost and time for farmers.

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States

Symptoms of Tobacco Caterpillars in Cotton

Tobacco Caterpillars in Cotton Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Tobacco Caterpillars in Cotton Physical Measures

Mechanical Measures

Tobacco Caterpillars in Cotton Biological Measures

Chemical Measures

Common Post-Harvest Mango Diseases

Anthracnose in Mango

Symptoms of Anthracnose in Mango

Stem End Rot in Mango

Symptoms of Stem End Rot in Mango

Aspergillus Rot / Black Mould Rot in Mango

Symptoms of Aspergillus Rot in Mango

Management of Post Harvest Mango Diseases

Pre-harvest Management

Post-harvest Management

Scheme Overview

Features of KCC Scheme

Benefits of Kisan Credit Card

Drawback of the Scheme

How to Apply for the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme?

To apply for the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme, follow these steps:

Kisan Credit Card Documents Required

Conclusion

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States Due to Cotton Aphids

Symptoms of Cotton Aphids

Cotton Aphids Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Mechanical Measures

Cotton Aphids Biological Measures

Cotton Aphids Chemical Measures

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States

Symptoms of American Bollworm in Cotton

American Bollworm in Cotton Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Physical Measures

American Bollworm in Cotton Mechanical Measures

Biological Measures

American Bollworm in Cotton Chemical Measures

Scheme Overview

Features of PLISMBP Scheme

Costing:

Eligibility:

Incentives:

4. Implemented through Project Management Agencies and monitored by Empowered Group of Secretaries:

Latest News about the scheme

Benefits

Drawback of the Scheme

How to Apply?

To apply for the PLISMBP scheme, follow these steps

Documents Required

Conclusion

Scheme Overview

Features of the Scheme

Benefits of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi sah-Yojana

Drawback

Conclusion

All you want to know about the pathogen’s survival conditions

They have two ways of survival:

Identify the signs of soft rot in your ginger field

Rhizome Rot or Soft Rot in Ginger Management

Cultural Management soft rot in ginger

Mechanical Management soft rot in ginger

Biological Management soft rot in ginger

Chemical Management soft rot in ginger

Symptoms of Gummy Stem Blight in Cucurbits

Leaves:

Stems:

Fruits:

Causes of the disease

Ways to Prevent Gummy Stem Blight in Cucurbits

Management of Gummy Stem Blight in Cucurbits

1. Biological Management

2. Chemical Management

Objectives of the Scheme