Onion Cultivation: A Comprehensive Guide To Successful Harvests

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April 21, 2023

Onion Cultivation: A Comprehensive Guide to Successful Harvests

Onion (Allium cepa) is an important root vegetable, serving as a staple ingredient in many Indian dishes. It is a member of the Allium family, which also includes garlic, leeks and chives. They are known for their pungent flavor and aroma, which are caused by sulfur-containing compounds. India is one of the largest producers of onions in the world, with the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Gujarat being major onion-growing regions. India produced about 32 million metric tons of onion in the year 2022. Total area under its cultivation in 2022 is 1.94 million hectares. The demand for onions in India is high, and the crop is an important source of income for many farmers in the country.

Soil Requirement

Almost all soil types are suitable for onion cultivation. However, sandy loam to clay soil with good drainage, moisture holding capacity and rich in organic matter is considered ideal. Optimum soil pH for its growth is 6 – 7.5. Onion is sensitive to highly acidic, saline and alkali soils. Avoid waterlogging in the field.

Season and Time of planting

States	Seasons	Sowing time	Transplanting time	Harvesting time
Maharashtra, Parts of Gujarat	Kharif	May – June	July – Mid Aug	Oct – Dec
	Early rabi or late kharif	Aug – 1st week of Sept	Sept – Oct	Mid Jan – Feb end
	Rabi	Oct – mid Nov	Dec – Jan 1st week	Apr – May
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh	Early kharif	Mar – Apr	Apr – May	Jul – Aug
	Kharif	May – Jun	Jul – Aug	Oct – Nov
	Rabi	Sept – Oct	Nov – Dec	Mar – Apr
Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, UP	Kharif	May end – Jun	Jul – Mid Aug	Nov – Dec
Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, UP	Rabi	Oct end – Nov	Mid Dec – Mid Jan	May – Jun
West Bengal, Orissa	Kharif	Jun – Jul	Aug – Sept	Nov – Dec
West Bengal, Orissa	Late Kharif	Aug – Sept	Oct – Dec	Feb – Mar
Hilly regions	Rabi	Sept – Oct	Oct – Nov	Jun – July
Hilly regions	Summer (long day type)	Nov – Dec	Feb – Mar	Aug – Oct

Varieties of onion

States	Onion Varieties
Karnataka & Telangana	Nasik Red onion (N-53), Royal selection onion, JSC Nasik Red onion (N-53), Prema 178 onion
Andhra Pradesh	Nasik Red onion (N-53), JSC Nasik Red onion (N-53), Prema 178 onion, Gulmohar onion
Madhya Pradesh	Nasik Red onion (N-53), Gulmohar onion, Laxmi onion seeds diamond super, Royal Selection onion, Rise Agro Maha Onion Bhima Super seeds
Maharashtra	Nasik Red onion (N-53), Gulmohar onion , JSC Nasik Red onion (N-53), Royal selection onion, Laxmi onion seeds diamond super
Uttar Pradesh	Nasik Red onion (N-53), Royal selection onion, JSC Nasik Red onion (N-53), Prema 178 onion, Gulmohar onion

Different Methods of Growing Onions

Onions can be grown in three different methods depending upon the purpose of their cultivation.

Seed sown in nursery and then transplanting the seedlings in mainfield
Raising small bulblets for green onion production
Broadcasting or Direct sowing

Nursery Management

Onion seeds are generally sown in nursery beds.

Preparation of nursery bed: For 1 acre main field, 0.05 acre i.e., 200 m2 of nursery area is required. Apply 200 kg of FYM mixed with 2 litre of Trichoderma harzianum at the time of last ploughing helps in controlling damping off, root rot, collar rot and other soil borne diseases. Prepare raised beds of 1 – 1.2 m width, 10 – 15 cm height and of convenient length. Maintain 70 cm distance between the beds.

Seed rate: 3 – 4 kg seeds are required for 1 acre field.

Seed treatment: Before sowing, treat the seeds with Bavistin at 2 gm/lit of water for 1 kg seeds or in bio fungicide by mixing 8 – 10 gm of Trichoderma viride in 50 ml of water for 1 kg seed to prevent damping off and other diseases.

Sowing: Sow the seeds in line at 5 – 7.5 cm apart at 1 cm depth. After sowing, cover the seeds with fine soil, powdered FYM or vermicompost. Give light irrigation. Drip or sprinkler systems of irrigation can be adopted. Cover the beds with paddy straw or sugarcane leaves or grass to improve germination by maintaining required moisture and temperature. Drench the soil bed with Carbendazim 50% WP at 0.5 – 0.75 gm/lit water to prevent damping off. Add 0.5 kg/bed of 15:15:15 (NPK) after 10 days of sowing, if seedlings show nutrient deficiency symptoms. Mulched grass or straw can be removed after germination is completed.

Raising small bulblets for green onion production

This method is used for production of green onions/bunching onion which have demand for salad in early winter. For this, take small onion bulblets of kharif onion varieties raised in previous season for planting. Prepare raised beds or flat beds depending upon soil type (Raised bed – heavy soil; Flat bed – sandy soil). 15 grams of seeds are sufficient for 1 m2 area of bed i.e., 3 kg seed is required for total nursery area. Sow them in mid Jan – Feb starting to get quality bulblets. Leave the plants in nursery bed up to April to May till their top fall. Harvest the tops and selected bulblets and store them by hanging method till July. These stored small bulbets can be used for transplanting in the kharif season for raising green onion.

Broadcasting/Direct sowing

Seed rate: 8 – 10 kg/acre; Time of sowing: Sept – Oct

In case of big onion, sow the seeds in lines at 30 cm apart (30 cm within row and 30 cm between plants). Later, thinning can be done to give proper spacing for bulb development. In case of small onion, broadcast the seeds in small flat beds. Do hand hoeing after sowing the seeds to allow seeds to reach 2.5 – 3 cm depth. Give light irrigation. At 10 days interval, weeding can be done.

Land preparation for main field

Plough the field to a fine tilth and add 10 t of FYM at the time of last ploughing. Flat beds or broad bed furrows can be formed for transplanting the seedlings. Prepare flat beds of 1.5 – 2 m width and 4 – 6 m length. For broad bed furrows, prepare beds of 120 cm width and 15 cm height with 45 cm furrow spacing between two beds. Irrigate the beds before transplanting seedlings.

Transplanting of seedling from nursery

Seedlings raised from seed sown nursery will be ready for transplanting within 6 – 7 weeks of sowing for kharif and 8 – 9 weeks for rabi. Transplant the seedlings with a spacing of 15 cm between the rows and 10 cm between the plants.

Fertilizer Requirement for Onion Crop

The general dose of fertilizer recommendation for onion is 60:24:24 kg/acre.

Nutrient	Fertilizer	Dosage	Time of application
Organic	FYM	10 t/acre	At the time of last ploughing
N	Urea	65 kg	Basal
N	Urea	65 kg	Top dressing (after 20 – 25 days after transplanting)
P	Single Super Phosphate (SSP)	150 kg	Basal
K	Muriate of Potash (MOP)	40 kg	Basal
Micronutrients	Anshul Vegetable Special	Spray: 2.5 gm/lit water	20 – 25 days after germination. (Give atleast 3 sprays with an interval of 20 days)

Water Management

Onion is mainly grown as an irrigated crop. Frequency of irrigation depends upon the climatic conditions and soil type. Irrigate the field at the time of transplanting the seedling. Give another irrigation on 3rd day after transplanting. Then, depending upon the soil moisture irrigate at an interval of 10 – 15 days. Stop irrigating the field 10 days before harvest. Avoid over watering or less watering as it may affect onion growth and development. Drip or sprinkler irrigation systems can also be adopted.

Weed Management

It is important to keep the field free from weeds during the initial growth stages. Apply Oxyfluorfens 23.5% E.C at 200 ml/acre followed by one hand weeding 45 days after transplanting for effective weed management.

Crop Rotation and Mixed cropping

Onion can be grown as an intercrop with sugarcane during the initial 5 months after planting sugarcane. They can be rotated with legumes, corn, brassica and solanaceous crops. Onions are heavy feeders and can quickly deplete the soil of nutrients. Rotating onions with legume crops can help to replenish the soil with nitrogen. Corn, on the other hand, is a non-host for onion pests and diseases, which can help to reduce the build-up of these problems in the soil. Similarly, rotating brassica and solanaceous crops with onions can help to maintain soil health and prevent the build-up of pests and diseases.

Plant Protection Practices

Pests of Onion crop

Pests	Symptoms	Control Measures
Onion Thrips	Thrips infested leaves will be curled and twisted. Shows silvery patches on leaves. Distorted leaves and wilting and drying up of plants.	Spray Neem 0.3% at 2.5 – 3 ml/lit water. Spray Delegate Insecticide at 0.9 – 1 ml/lit of water. Spray Curacron Insecticide at 2.5 ml/lit water.
Head borer	They feed on the flower stalk by cutting its pedicel. Makes entry holes in the onion bulb, which can be seen as small, round holes near the top of the bulb. Larvae leave behind small pellets of excrement (frass) near the entry holes.	Use 6 Tapas helic-o-lure per acre with funnel trap. Spray 0.5 – 1 ml of Sun Bio Hanpv mixed in 1 lit of water. Spray Ekalux Insecticide at 2ml/lit water. Spray Cigna Insecticide at 1.5 – 2 ml/lit water.
Onion fly	Flies may lay eggs on older leaves and soil. Maggots tunnel into the onion bulb and feed on the flesh, causing damage to the bulb. Maggots feed on the roots of onion plants, causing stunted growth. Infected plants become yellowish and later wilt.	Use 4 Barrix catch vegetable fly trap for 1 acre to control adult flies. Spray Alika Insecticide at 0.5 gm/lit water. Spray Keefun Insecticide at 2 ml/lit water.
Cutworms	Young larvae feed on the tender foliage causing them to wilt, yellow, or brown. Later, as they grow up, they cut off young onion plants at the base of the stem leaving behind ragged edges or holes and causing them to wilt and die.	Spray Vedagna Nobor at 2.5 – 3 ml/lit water. Spray *Beauveria bassiana* (Dr Bacto’s) at 1 – 1.5 gm/lit water. Spray Plethora Insecticide at 2ml/lit water.
Eriophyid mite	They feed on the young leaves between the layers. The leaves may turn yellow mottled at the edges. The leaves curl up and may not open up completely	Spray neem oil extracts at 1 – 2 ml/lit water. Spray Royal Clear Mite at 2 ml/lit water Spray Sedna Insecticide at 1 – 1.5 ml/lit water. Spray Oberon Insecticide at 0.3 ml/lit water.
Red Spider mite	Nymph and adults feed on the undersurface of the leaves causing stippling or white dots on leaves. Presence of webbing on leaves. Affected leaves may show yellow or bronze spots in severe cases.	Spray Terra Might at 3.5 – 7 ml/lit water. Spray Meothrin Insecticide at 0.5 ml/lit water. Spray Movento Energy Insecticide at 0.5 – 1 ml/lit of water.

Diseases in Onion crop

Diseases	Symptoms	Control Measures
Damping off	Wilting and collapse of the stems at or below the soil line. Stems of infected seedlings may turn brown or black Rotting of roots. Infected seedlings may appear dried out or desiccated.	Spray Amruth Alcare Liquid at 2 – 3 ml/lit water. Treat 1 kg of seeds with 10 grams of Trichoderma viride. Drench the soil with Ridomil Gold at 1 – 1.5 gm/lit of water.
Basal rot	Soft, mushy rotting at the base of the onion plant, which can lead to the collapse of the plant. Leaves appear yellowish and later dry up. Presence of white mold growth on onion scales.	Treat 1 kg of seeds with 3 gm of Vitavax powder. Dip the seedling before transplanting in Carbendazim at 2 gm/lit of water. Drench the soil with Dhanustin Fungicide at 0.5 – 0.8 gm/lit of water. Soil drenching with Blue Copper Fungicide at 1 – 2 gm/lit of water.
Downy mildew	Development of greyish mold on the undersides of the leaves, causing them to curl. Leaves of infected plants may start to yellow and eventually turn brown and dry.	Spray Amruth Alcare Liquid at 2 – 3 ml/lit water. Spray Downy Raze Bio fungicide at 2.5 ml/lit of water. Spray Dithane M45 Fungicide at 2 – 2.5 gm/lit of water. Spray Amistar top Fungicide at 1 ml/lit of water.
Stemphyllum Blight	Affected leaves have small yellow to orange streaks in the middle of the leaves. Later, these water-soaked streaks enlarge and coalesce, forming irregular or spindle shaped spots with pinkish margin.	Apply 5 – 10 gm of Pseudomonas fluorescence & Bacillus subtilis per liter of water as spray. Spray Indofil M-45 at 0.8 – 1 gm/lit of water. Spray Blitox Fungicide at 1 – 2 gm/lit of water.
Bacterial brown rot (Serious disease during storage)	Brown, water-soaked streaks/spots appear on the neck of the bulbs. Infected tissues become soft and slimy, with a foul odor.	Ensure proper curing and drying of onion bulbs. Spray Geolife Geomycin at 0.5 – 1 gm/lit of water. Spray Dhanuka Kasu-B Fungicide at 2 – 2.5 ml/lit of water.
Smut	Black, powdery spores appear on the leaf base and leaf surface. Presence of black lesions on base of the scales at the time of planting. Downward bending of affected leaves.	Treat the seeds with vitavax powder at 3 gm/kg seed. Dip the bulb in suspension of 20 ml of Trichoderma viride in 1 liter of water before sowing. Spray or Soil Drench Dithane M45 at 2 – 2.5 gm/lit water.
White rot	Yellowing and dieback of leaf tips. Presence of white, cottony fungal growth on the decaying scales and base of the bulb. Small, spherical, black sclerotia are produced. Complete rotting of bulb.	Follow crop rotation. Use clean seeds for sowing. Treat 1 kg of seeds with 2 – 3 gm of Roko Fungicide. Spray Tebusul Fungicide at 2.5 gm/lit of water.
Purple blotch	Small, irregular purple spots on the leaves. Later, these spots enlarge and become blotches. The blotches may have a white center surrounded by a purple border.	Spray Trichoderma viride at the rate of 3 gm/lit water Spray Custodia Fungicide or Spectrum Fungicide at 1.5 ml/lit of water. Spray Cabrio Top Fungicide at 1.2 – 1.4 gm/lit of water.
Anthracnose (Twister Disease)	The leaves will also get curled and twisted with water-soaked pale-yellow patches on the leaf blades.	Spray 0.5 gm/lit of Roko Fungicide. Spray Dhanuka M45 at 3 – 4 gm/lit of water.
Neck rot	The neck of infected onions becomes soft and watery, which can lead to the onion falling over. Infected necks can turn brown or black infected onions emit a foul smell, Necks of infected onions can become spongy to the touch.	Ensure proper drying before storage. Avoid injury to bulbs during post-harvest handling. Spray Carbendazim 2 gm/lit of water before harvesting.
Onion yellow dwarf Vector: Aphids	Yellow streaks on base of true leaves. Leaves may turn yellow, starting from the tips and moving towards the base. Affected leaves become crinkled and flattened.	Use virus free seedlings. Spray Geolife No Virus at 3 – 5 ml/lit of water. Spray Police insecticide at 0.2 – 0.6 gm/lit of water to control vector.
Irish Yellow Spot Virus Vector: Thrips	Presence of dry, straw coloured, tan, spindle shaped lesions with yellow or tan borders on leaves. These lesions may or may not have green centers.	Practice crop rotation every 3 years. Removal of weeds. Spray Terra Virokill at 3 ml/lit of water. Control measures of thrips are given above can be followed.

(Note: Check the product’s label before application to know the right time of application.)

Harvesting

Time of harvesting depends on the purpose for which the crop was planted. For dry onions, harvesting can be done in 5 months while for green onions, harvesting can be done in 3 months after harvesting. For harvesting rabi onion, the indication is 50% of neck/top falling over. Harvesting is done by manually uprooting the bulbs. But for kharif seasons, since the top does not fall over, the sign of harvest is change in colour of leaves to slight yellow and red pigmentation on bulbs. During hot days when soil is hard, use hand hoe to pull out the bulbs. Spray the crop with Carbendazim 2 gm/lit of water which will help harvested onion protect from any kind fungal infections after harvest.

Curing

After harvesting, onions need to be cured to prolong the shelf life, for proper development of skin colour and remove field heat before storage. For curing, spread them out in the field without direct exposure to sun by covering the onion bulbs with foliage of other bulbs in small heap. Allow the onions to dry for 3 –5 days, until the leaves and stems are completely dry and brittle. After complete drying, cut the leaves leaving about 2 – 2.5 cm tops above the bulb.

Storage

Once the onions are cured, they can be stored in a cool, dry location. It is important to store them in a well-ventilated area to prevent mold and rot. Onions can be stored for several months if they are properly cured and stored.

Yield

8 – 10 t/acre.

Farmers, Save Money And The Environment With PM-KUSUM Scheme

By

Deepika M

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April 21, 2023

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Farmers, Save Money and the Environment with PM-KUSUM Scheme

The PM-KUSUM Scheme (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthan Mahabhiyan) is an initiative of the Government of India to promote the use of renewable energy sources and enhance the financial security of farmers. The scheme aims to install grid-connected solar power plants and solar pumps in rural areas, along with providing financial and technological support to farmers.

Overview

As of February 2023, the scheme has resulted in the installation of grid-connected solar power plants with a capacity of 89.45 MW and the solarization of 2.09 lakh agriculture pumps. These initiatives have led to a reduction of 0.67 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions and a decrease in diesel consumption by 143 million liters per year.

The scheme has undergone various amendments, including the extension of the scheme till March 2026, introduction of feeder level solarization, allowing solar power plants on pasturelands and marshlands of farmers, and the financial assistance available for pump capacity up to 15 HP has been raised for individual farmers in several states.

Other amendments include allowing Central Financial Assistance (CFA) for solar pump capacity higher than 7.5 HP for Water User Associations, Farmer Producer Organisations and Primary Agriculture Credit Societies, waiving off the domestic content requirement for solar cells in feeder solarization projects and revising tender conditions to expedite extending benefits under the scheme. Rajasthan has the highest number of beneficiaries under the scheme followed by Maharashtra and Haryana.

Important Information

This Scheme has been extended till 31st March 2026.
It now includes Feeder level solarization as a part of Component-C.
Farmers are now permitted to install solar power plants on their pasturelands and marshlands under the scheme.
Component-A penalty on solar power generator for insufficient solar power generation has been eliminated.
In certain states, Central Financial Assistance (CFA) is available for pump capacity up to 15 HP, which is an increase from the previous limit of 7.5 HP.
Central Financial Assistance is allowed for solar pump capacity higher than 7.5 HP for Water User Associations, Farmer Producer Organisations, Primary Agriculture Credit Societies, and cluster-based irrigation systems.
The procurement of standalone solar pumps is now allowed through state-level tenders.
The time period for implementation has been extended to 24 months from the date of initial sanction.
Component-C projects are no longer required to adhere to the domestic content requirement for solar cells.
Under Feeder Level Solarization, farmers have the option to install meters with their agricultural electricity connections.
33% of eligible service charges under the scheme are now designated for nationwide Information, Education and Communication (IEC) initiatives.

Conclusion

Several steps have been taken by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy to accomplish the goals of the PM-KUSUM Scheme. The scheme aims to promote the use of solar energy in agriculture by providing financial support to farmers for setting up solar pumps and solar power plants. The scheme has been amended several times to make it more effective and easier to implement. As of February 28, 2023, the scheme has resulted in the installation of grid-connected solar power plants with a capacity of 89.45 MW and the solarization of 2.09 lakh agriculture pumps. This has reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 0.67 million tonnes and diesel consumption by 143 million litres per annum.

Bumper Wheat Crop Forecast For India In 2022-23

By

Deepika M

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April 21, 2023

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Bumper Wheat Crop Forecast for India in 2022-23

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in India, contributing significantly to the country’s economy. According to the Second Advance Estimates for the agriculture year 2022-23, India is expected to produce 112.18 million tonnes of wheat, which is 4.44 million tonnes higher than the previous year’s production. This news comes as a relief for the country, as it continues to battle the economic impact of the ongoing pandemic.

Overview

With no proposal for lifting the restriction on the export of wheat before the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (DA&FW), the wheat production in India for the agriculture year 2022-23 is estimated to be 112.18 million tonnes, which is an increase of 4.44 million tonnes from the previous year.

During the current fiscal year (up to January 2023), wheat stock worth Rs. 11728.36 crore has been exported. The FCI sells excess stocks of wheat from the Central Pool in the open market from time to time under the Open Market Sale Scheme-Domestic (OMSS(D)) to address the rising prices of wheat and atta. 50 lakh metric tonnes of wheat from FCI stock has been decided to be offloaded under OMSS(D), 2023, up to 31st March 2023.

Important Points

Wheat production in India for agriculture year 2022-23: 112.18 million tonnes
Increase in wheat production compared to previous year: 4.44 million tonnes
Wheat stock worth Rs. 11728.36 crore has been exported during the current fiscal year (up to Jan 2023)
OMSS(D) policy for the year 2023 has been reviewed and the reserve price of wheat has been reduced

Conclusion

In conclusion, the information provided suggests that India’s wheat production for the current agriculture year is expected to be higher than the previous year. However, the government has not yet proposed lifting the restriction on wheat exports. To tackle the increasing prices of wheat and atta, the government is utilizing its surplus stock through the Open Market Sale Scheme-Domestic (OMSS(D)), and has also reduced the reserve price of wheat. These steps are aimed at stabilizing the prices of wheat and atta in India.

Combating The Rose Midge: An Integrated Pest Management Guide

By

Mahalakshmi S

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April 20, 2023

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Combating The Rose Midge: An Integrated Pest Management Guide

Rose midges, also known as the rose fly, a common pest that can cause severe damage to rose plants. The rose midge can be identified by its small, yellowish larvae with a translucent body. The adult midges are tiny, with a reddish-brown body and translucent wings. The larvae feed on the buds and flowers, causing damage to the plants. The larvae then pupate and emerge as adult midges. In this article, we will explore the different methods of integrated pest management that can be used to control the population of rose midges.

Type of Infestation

Rose midges are flower feeders and can cause damage to the buds and flowers of rose plants.

Scientific Name: Dasineura rhodophaga

Most Affected States Due to Rose Midge

Rose midges are found in many states across India, with the major affected states being Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Symptoms of Rose Midge

The symptoms of rose midge infestation can be identified by the damage caused to the buds and flowers of the rose plants.
The larvae feed on the flowers, causing them to wilt and turn brown, while the damaged leaves can become stunted or curled.
Heavy infestation can lead to reduced bloom production.

Rose Midge Control Measures

The following are the various cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical measures that can be employed to manage rose midge infestations effectively.

Rose Midge Cultural Measures

Cultural practices play a crucial role in reducing the risk of rose midge infestations.

Remove and destroy the infected plant debris.
Maintaining proper hygiene in the garden and providing adequate water and nutrients to plants help to reduce the infestation of rose midge.

Physical Measures

Physical control can be done by gently shaking the affected parts of the plant and then removing the larvae. Physical control measures are most effective when combined with other control methods.

Mechanical Measures

Row covers can be placed over the plants, preventing the adult midges from reaching the roses.
Tapas Yellow Sticky Trap can be used to control adult midges in the rose field. Install 4-6 sticky traps per acre for effective management.

Rose Midge Biological Measures

Encourage natural predators such as ladybugs, lacewings and parasitoid wasps to control the rose midge population. These predators feed on the midge larvae, reducing the population and preventing significant damage to the roses.
Econeem Plus Azadirachtin is a neem based biopesticide which can be used to control midges on roses. The recommended dosage is 3ml per liter of water.
Anshul Bio Finish is a broad spectrum biopesticide containing active ingredients derived from many plants. Use Anshul Bio Finish biopesticide at the rate of 3-5ml per liter of water at regular intervals of 10-12 days for effective control of midges.

Rose Midge Chemical Measures

Chemical control measures include using commercial insecticides to control rose midge infestations.

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Karate Insecticide	Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 % EC	1.5-2ml / lit of water
Ekalux Insecticide	Quinalphos 25% EC	2ml / lit of water
Coragen Insecticide	Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC	0.4ml / lit of water
Marshal Insecticide	Carbosulfan 25% EC	2ml / lit of water

DISCOVER MORE : Battling Black Spot: The Ultimate Guide To Keep Your Roses Healthy And Beautiful.

Rose Leaf Hoppers: Understanding And Managing This Devastating Pest

By

Mahalakshmi S

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April 20, 2023

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Rose Leaf Hoppers: Understanding And Managing This Devastating Pest

Rose leafhoppers, also known as “hoppers,” are a type of insect that feed on the leaves and stems of roses. In order to effectively manage rose leafhoppers, it is important to understand their biology and behaviour, as well as the most effective control measures.

The feeding damage caused by hoppers results in a reduction in the quality and yield of roses, as well as an increase in the susceptibility of the plants to disease. Rose leafhoppers are small, yellowish-green insects that are approximately 2-3mm in length. They have a distinctive triangular shape and a large head.

The life cycle of rose leafhoppers typically lasts about 4-6 weeks, during which the insects go through several stages of development, including eggs, nymphs, and adults. The females lay their eggs on the underside of rose leaves, and the nymphs emerge and begin feeding on the plants. As they feed, the nymphs moult and grow, eventually reaching adulthood and reproducing.

Type of Infestation

Rose leafhoppers are considered to be defoliators, as they feed on the leaves and stems of roses, causing damage to the plants.

Scientific Name: Edwardsiana rosae

Most Affected States Due to Rose Leafhoppers

Rose leafhoppers are widely distributed across India, and they are known to cause damage to rose crops in several states, including Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh.

Symptoms of Rose Leafhoppers

Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the underside of the leaves and on tender stems causing leaves to become yellow or spotted.
White or yellow stippling of the leaves is the common symptoms caused by leafhoppers on roses.
Additionally, hopper feeding damage can cause leaves to become distorted and cupped, and the leaves and stems may become sticky due to the excretion of honeydew by the insects.
Reduction in plant growth.

Rose Leafhoppers Control Measures

Pest management for Rose Leaf Hopper requires a comprehensive approach, integrating various cultural, physical, mechanical, biological, and chemical measures.

Cultural Measures

Proper irrigation and soil management can help prevent the spread of Rose Leaf Hopper.

Physical Measures

Physical methods such as removing affected leaves, stems and flowers, and burning them can help control the spread of the pest.

Rose Leafhoppers Mechanical Measures

Using screens or fine meshes to protect the roses from the leaf hoppers can be effective in preventing infestation.
Light-coloured sticky traps can be used to monitor the population of Rose Leaf Hoppers.
Tapas Yellow Sticky Trap at 6-8 traps per acre can be used for the effective control of leafhoppers in rose plants.

Biological Measures

The use of natural predators like ladybugs, lacewings and parasitic wasps can help control the population of Rose Leaf Hoppers.
Amruth Alestra Liquid (Bio Insecticide) contains strains of naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii which comes in contact with the cuticle of the leafhoppers and colonizes them. The recommended dosage is 2ml per liter of water.
Anand Dr. Bacto’s Brave is an eco-friendly bio insecticide containing Beauveria bassiana which acts on the cuticle of susceptible insects and kills them by producing toxins. The recommended dosage is 2.5ml per liter of water.
Greenpeace Neemol Bio Neem Oil Insecticide contains neem-based products azadirachtin which when used at the rate of 1-2ml per liter of water with 15days interval between each spray can effectively control leafhoppers in rose fields.

Rose Leafhoppers Chemical Measures

In case of severe infestations, chemical measures can be taken using commercial insecticides. The following are some of the commercial chemicals that are commonly used to control leafhoppers in rose plants,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Anant Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 25 % WG	0.3-0.5 gm/lit of water
Tafgor Insecticide	Dimethoate 30% EC	1.5-2.5 ml/lit of water
Anshul Ikon Insecticide	Acetamiprid 20% S.P.	0.5gm/lit water
Confidor Insecticide	Imidacloprid 17.8% SL	0.75-1ml/lit of water
Actara Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 25 % WG	0.5 gm/lit of water
Anshul Chlocip Insecticide	Chlorpyriphos 50%+Cypermethrin 5%EC	2ml/lit of water

DISCOVER MORE : Combating The Rose Midge – An Integrated Pest Management Guide

Protecting Roses From Japanese Beetles: Strategies For Identifying, Preventing And Mitigating Their Damage

By

Mahalakshmi S

-

April 20, 2023

0

Protecting Roses From Japanese Beetles: Strategies For Identifying, Preventing And Mitigating Their Damage

Japanese Beetles are a significant pest of roses, causing damage to leaves and flowers. They can be identified by metallic green body and copper colour wings. They are oval in shape and have white tufts of hair along the sides and bottom of their bodies. The larvae are creamy white, with a brown head and can be found in soil.

Adults emerge from the soil in the summer and feed on the leaves, flowers and stems of roses and other plants. They lay eggs in the soil, which hatch into larvae. The larvae feed on plant roots before pupating in the soil and emerging as adults the following year.

Type of Infestation

Japanese Beetles are foliage feeders and cause significant damage to the leaves of rose plants.

Scientific Name: Popillia japonica

Most Affected States Due to Rose Japanese Beetle

The exact distribution of Japanese Beetles in India is not well documented. However, they are a known pest of rose plants and are likely present in rose-growing regions of the country.

Symptoms of Rose Japanese Beetle

Skeletonization of leaves is a common symptom caused by Japanese beetle.
They feed on the tissue between the veins of leaves, causing them to become lace-like.
In case of severe infestation, scorched appearance can be seen.

Rose Japanese Beetle Control Measures

The management of Japanese Beetles on rose plants can be achieved through an integrated approach that includes cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical measures.

Cultural Measures

Plant rose varieties like New Dawn pale pink rose which are less attractive to Japanese beetles.
Cultural practices such as proper plant nutrition, watering and soil management can help maintain the overall health of rose plants and reduce the damage caused by Japanese Beetles.

Physical Measures

Hand picking and destroying the beetles is one of the effective ways to reduce the Japanese beetle population.
Removing the affected leaves and flowers also helps to control Japanese beetles on rose plants.

Mechanical Measures

Mechanical practices such as using row covers or screens can prevent Japanese Beetles from accessing rose plants.

Rose Japanese Beetle Biological Measures

Katyayani Activated Neem Oil Bio Pesticide contains activated azadirachtin which when used at the rate of 5 ml per liter water with a 12 days interval between each spray can effectively control Japanese beetles in rose fields.
Anand Dr. Bacto’s Meta Insecticide contains a parasitic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae which effectively controls Japanese beetles on rose plants. The recommended dosage is 2ml per liter of water.
In addition, introducing natural predators such as birds and parasitic wasps, can help control Japanese Beetles on rose plants.

Rose Japanese Beetle Chemical Measures

Chemical control of Japanese beetles in roses is an effective method of managing the pest population. The following are the commercial chemicals that are used to control Japanese beetles in roses ,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Danitol Insecticide	Fenpropathrin 10% EC	1.5 -2ml/lit of water
Starthene Insecticide	Acephate 75 % SP	1.75-2.5g/lit of water
Meothrin Insecticide	Fenpropathrin 30% EC	0.5ml/lit of water
Karate Insecticide	Lambdacyhalothrin 5% EC	1.5-2ml/lit of water
Solomon Insecticide	Beta-Cyfluthrin + Imidacloprid 300 OD (8.49 + 19.81 % w/w)	0.75 – 1ml/lit of water

EXPLORE Rose Leaf Hoppers: Understanding And Managing This Devastating Pest

Crown Gall Disease of Rose: Causes, Symptoms And Management

By

Mahalakshmi S

-

April 19, 2023

0

Crown Gall Disease of Rose: Causes, Symptoms And Management

Crown gall disease is an important disease of roses worldwide and can affect roses of all ages. Crown Gall Disease is caused by the bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It causes the formation of galls or tumors on the stem, roots or crown of the plant, which can lead to stunted growth and even death. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, favorable conditions for disease development and management practices.

Crown gall disease is also a threat to the nursery industry, as infected plants can serve as a source of infection for healthy plants. The development of crown gall disease of rose is influenced by the disease triangle, which includes the presence of the pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environmental conditions. The disease is favored by warm and moist conditions and can spread rapidly under such conditions.

Type of Infestation

The disease cycle of crown gall disease of rose includes primary infection and secondary infection with mode of survival.

The primary infection occurs when the bacteria enter the plant through wounds or natural openings, and the T-DNA is inserted into the plant’s genome, causing the formation of galls.
The secondary infection occurs when the bacteria are transferred to other plants through contaminated soil, tools or irrigation water. The bacteria can also survive in the gall tissue of infected plants, serving as a source of infection for healthy plants.

Scientific Name: Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Most Affected States

Crown gall disease of rose is a widespread disease in India, affecting rose plants in many states. Some of the major affected states include Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Punjab.

Symptoms of Rose Crown Gall

The symptoms of crown gall disease of rose vary depending on the severity of the infection.

Initially small, soft and light-colored galls appear on the stems, roots or crown of the plant.
As the disease progresses, the galls become larger, harder, and darker in color and they can distort the shape of the plant.
The infected plants may also exhibit stunted growth and reduced flower production.

Rose Crown Gall Control Measures

Crown gall disease management can be achieved through cultural practices, mechanical control, biological control and chemical control.

Cultural Measures

Cultural practices such as crop sanitation, crop diversification and soil management are crucial in controlling crown gall disease.

Crop sanitation involves removing and destroying all infected plants, dead plant material and weeds in the area to prevent the spread of the disease. Farmers should also remove all plant debris and soil from pots and benches, disinfecting them before use.
Crop diversification involves planting non-host crops in between rose plants to reduce the disease’s spread.
The use of raised beds and well-drained soil can also reduce the risk of infection.

Mechanical measures

Destruction of infested/dead plant materials can reduce the spread of crown gall disease in rose.
Prune out the gall tissue.

Rose Crown Gall Biological Measures

One approach to biologically control crown gall disease is the use of soil amendments such as Agrobacterium radiobacter K84, which is a non-pathogenic strain of Agrobacterium Radiobacter that can outcompete the pathogenic strains for space and nutrients. This can be used to prevent the colonization of the pathogenic bacteria in the first place.

Chemical Measures

Chemical control of crown gall disease can be achieved by applying certain fungicides and bactericides. Some of the commonly used chemicals are,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Kocide Fungicide	Copper Hydroxide 53.8% DF	2 gm/lit of water
Dhanuka Kasu B Fungicide	Kasugamacyin 3% SL	2-3 ml/lit of water
Conika Fungicide	Kasugamycin 5% + Copper Oxychloride 45% WP	1.5-2 gm/lit of water
Crystocycline Bactericide Antibiotic	Streptomycin sulphate 90% + Tetracylin hydrocloride 10% sp	0.1 gm/lit of water
Blitox Fungicide	Copper Oxychloride 50% WP	3gm/lit of water

Botrytis Blight Of Rose: Causes, Symptoms And Management

By

Mahalakshmi S

-

April 19, 2023

0

Botrytis Blight Of Rose: Causes, Symptoms And Management

Roses are one of the most popular ornamental plants grown worldwide, appreciated for their beauty, fragrance and wide range of colors. However, like any other plant species, roses are also susceptible to various diseases, including Botrytis blight. Botrytis blight is a fungal disease that affects roses and other ornamental plants. This article will explore the causes, symptoms, and management of Botrytis blight of rose.

Botrytis blight of rose is a major disease that can cause significant economic losses to the ornamental plant industry. The disease can reduce the quality and yield of roses, affecting the marketability of the plants. Botrytis blight develops under conditions of high humidity, especially in the presence of free moisture. The fungus can infect roses through wounds or natural openings, such as stomata or hydathodes and can survive in plant debris or infected plant material.

Type of Infestation in Botrytis blight of rose

Botrytis blight has a complex disease cycle that involves primary and secondary infections.

Primary infections occur when the spores of the fungus land on the plant surface and germinate, penetrating the host tissue.
Secondary infections occur when the fungus spreads from the initial site of infection to other parts of the plant or other nearby plants. The fungus can also survive in plant debris or in the soil, serving as a source of inoculum for new infections.

Scientific Name: Botrytis cinerea

Most Affected States

Botrytis blight can occur in any region where roses are grown, but it is more common in areas with high humidity and rainfall. In India, the disease is prevalent in the states of West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab.

Botrytis Blight of Rose Symptoms

Botrytis blight can affect various parts of the rose plant, including the stems, leaves and flowers.
The initial symptoms of the disease are small brown spots on the leaves or stems that enlarge and become covered in a grey mold.
Greyish brown fungal growth can be observed on the leaves and flowers. Small flecks can be seen on the infested petals.
As the disease progresses, the mold can spread to other parts of the plant, causing the leaves and flowers to wilt and turn brown.

Botrytis Blight of Rose Control Measures

The management of Botrytis blight in roses requires a combination of cultural, biological, and chemical control measures.

Cultural Measures

Providing adequate spacing between the plants ensures proper air circulation and reduces humidity levels.
Avoid overhead irrigation, instead drip irrigation can be used to keep the foliage dry.
Remove all weeds and debris from the rose beds to prevent the build-up of inoculum.
Ensure good drainage in the growing area.
Pruned parts should be coated/treated with Bordeaux paste/Bordeaux mixture.

Mechanical Measures

Destruction of dead plant parts can reduce the further spread of botrytis fungus.
Pruning of infected plant parts should be done as soon as they are observed.

Biological Measures

Anshul Tricomax Bio fungicide contains Trichoderma viride which suppresses the growth of pathogen by producing antibiotics. The recommended dosage is 3 gm per liter of water.
Mildown Bio fungicide contains bacillus subtilis which competes with the disease-causing organisms and induces systemic acquired resistance against bacterial pathogens. Treat the rose saplings with Mildown at 5 ml per liter of water before planting.
Milgo Bio Fungicide contains parasitic fungus Ampelomyces quisqualis which when used at the rate of 5-10 ml per liter water with 10-15 days interval between sprays can effectively control botrytis disease in rose.

Chemical Measures

Chemical control is an important aspect of managing Botrytis blight in roses. Some commonly used fungicides for Botrytis blight in roses include:

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Kavach Fungicide	Chlorothalonil 75% WP	1-2 gm/liter of water
Latifa Fungicide	Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC	0.5 ml/liter of water
Tilt Fungicide	Propiconazole 25 % EC	1 ml/liter of water
Anand Agro Nano Shield	Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stabilized with Nanosilver	2 ml/liter of water
Roko Fungicide	Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP	0.5 gm/liter of water
Shamrock Overseas Borogold	Nano Silver Particles & Peroxy Acid	1.5 gm/liter of water

In conclusion, botrytis blight is a serious disease of roses that can cause significant damage to the plant and its economic value. It is important to take preventative measures such as proper cultural practices and timely application of fungicides to prevent the disease from spreading. With careful management, it is possible to minimize the impact of botrytis blight on roses and ensure their continued health and beauty.

Click here to explore our comprehensive guide on Rose: Planting And Package Of Practices.

Weed-Free Wheat Field: Sustainable Practices For Effective Weed Management

By

Deepika M

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April 19, 2023

0

Weed-free Wheat Field: Sustainable Practices for Effective Weed Management

Wheat is a second most important staple food crop in India, widely cultivated across the country. Weeds are plants that are considered unwanted or undesirable in a particular area. Weed infestation is a major factor limiting crop productivity as they interfere with the growing crop for nutrient, light and water requirement. Wheat is affected by both grasses and broad-leaved weeds. If weeds are not controlled from early stages of crop growth, depending upon the intensity and type of weeds, these may cause reduction in yield of wheat crop up to 40%. Integrated weed management practices need to be focused to effectively manage the weeds in any crop.

Major Weeds in Wheat Field

Both monot and dicot weeds are prevalent in wheat fields. Monocot weeds or grasses are characterized by long, narrow leaves that typically have parallel veins. While dicot or broad-leaved leaves are characterized by wider leaves that have branching veins.

Type of weed	Weed species
Monocot weeds	Phalaris minor, Avena fatua, Polypogon monspllensis, Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon
Dicot weeds	Chenopodium album, Fumaria purviflora, Cirsium arvense, Anagalis arvensis, Melilotus alba, Melilotus indica, Vicia sativa, Lathyrus spp

Methods of Weed Management in Wheat Field

Cultural Management:

Crop rotation with non-host crops such as legumes, barley and corn can help break the weed life cycle.
Providing adequate nutrients to the wheat crop can help it grow more vigorously, which can help it compete more effectively with weeds.
Adjusting the sowing of the crops can be effective. For example, early planting of wheat can reduce Phalaris minor intensity.
Using higher seed rates for sowing and closer row spacing may increase the plant density and suppress the weed growth.
Mulching the wheat field with straw or other organic materials.
Ploughing the soil before cultivation may help to place the weed seeds in the deeper soil layers which will not germinate unless brought near to the soil surface.
Ensure to use clean and disinfected tools and implements to avoid transfer of weed seeds in the field.

Mechanical Management:

Hand weeding using hand tools such as hoes or sickles.
In case of pre-emergence herbicide application, one hand weeding can be done at 35 DAS after spraying it.
If herbicide is not sprayed, two hand weeding can be done on 20th and 35th DAS.

(*DAS – Days after sowing)

Weed Management using Herbicides:

Knowing whether a weed is a monocot or dicot can be helpful in identifying it and choosing the most effective method of control. Selective herbicides can be used to target specific weeds while minimizing harm to the surrounding environment and non-target species.

Pre-Emergence Herbicides:

Spray Pre-emergence herbicide Pendimethalin 30% EC at 1 litre per acre in the wheat field at 0 – 3 days after sowing. Pendimethalin controls both grasses and broadleaved weeds in the wheat ecosystem. Butachlor 50% EC at the rate of 1 litre per acre can also be used for pre-emergence application. It also controls most annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds.

Post-Emergent Herbicides:

Time of application – After first irrigation at 30 – 35 DAS or 2 – 4 leaf stage of weeds.

Herbicide Product	Technical content	Dosage	Type of weeds’ it controls
Weedmar Super Herbicide	2,4-D Amine Salt 58% SL	400 gm/acre	Broad leaved and grassy weeds
Sempra Herbicide	Halosulfuron Methyl 75%WG	36 gm/acre	Grasses
Katyayani Vikram Herbicide	Clodinafop Propargyl 15% WP	160 gm/acre	Grasses
Katyayani MSM Herbicide	Metsulfuron Methyl 20% WP	4-8 gm/acre	Broad leaved and grassy weeds
Luficer Herbicide	Piroxofop-propanyl 15% WP	300-400 gm/acre	Grassy weeds

NOTE:

The use of herbicides is one of the effective methods for weed management in wheat. But, relying solely on chemical methods of weed management may not be sufficient for effective control of weeds. Following cultural practices, regular hand weeding accompanied with use of herbicides will give effective results.
Maintain sufficient soil moisture at the time of application of both pre and post emergence herbicides.
Always remember to rotate the herbicide products with different chemicals to avoid development of resistant weeds.
Spray post emergence herbicide at 2 – 3 leaf stage of weeds to get favourable results.
Herbicide sprays should be planned on clear and sunny days only when the leaves are dry. Avoid spraying during high winds or when rain is forecasted.
Use sticking and spreading agent like Multiplex Nagastha – 180 (0.4 – 0.5 ml/lit of spray solution) for herbicide mix for increased efficiency of the herbicides.
Do not mix herbicides with pesticides.
Follow the herbicide label instructions carefully, including recommended rates, application timing, and safety precautions.

Battling Black Spot: The Ultimate Guide To Keep Your Roses Healthy And Beautiful

By

Mahalakshmi S

-

April 19, 2023

0

Battling Black Spot: The Ultimate Guide To Keep Your Roses Healthy And Beautiful

Rose plants, often referred to as the “King of Flowers”, are highly prized for their beauty, fragrance and versatility. However, these rose plants are also vulnerable to several diseases, one of the most prevalent of which is blackspot. Blackspot is a fungal disease that affects roses, and it is one of the most widespread and damaging diseases in rose cultivation. Blackspot is a major concern for rose growers because it can significantly reduce the quality and yield of roses. In severe cases, blackspot can kill the plant entirely, resulting in significant financial losses for growers.

Blackspot is favoured by warm and humid conditions, with temperatures ranging between 20-30°C and relative humidity between 70-80%. Prolonged periods of leaf wetness due to heavy rainfall, overhead irrigation, or frequent morning dew also contribute to the development of the disease.

Type of Infestation

The primary infection of black spot occurs in the spring and early summer, when the pathogen infects new growth on the plant.
Secondary infections occur later in the season, as the pathogen spreads from infected leaves to healthy leaves. The pathogen can survive in the soil, on infected plant debris, or on the surface of the leaves, where it can infect new growth.

Scientific Name of Pathogen: Diplocarpon rosae

Most Affected States

Blackspot is a widespread disease in India and affects rose plants in many parts of the country. Some of the most affected states include Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh.

BLACK LESIONS ON UPPER SURFACE OF THE LEAVES

Symptoms of Rose Black Spot

Initially small, circular, black lesions appear on the upper surface of the leaves.
As the disease progresses, the spots enlarge and become more numerous, and the leaves eventually become yellow and fall off.
Due to defoliation, the plant’s overall health is significantly weakened, and its ability to produce flowers is greatly reduced.

Rose Black Spot Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Cultural practices are the first line of defense against blackspot. Some important practices include:

Proper plant spacing: When planting roses, it is important to space plants at least 30 cm apart to allow for good air circulation.
Water management: Watering roses at the base of the plant, rather than on the leaves, helps to prevent moisture from accumulating on the leaves and reduces the likelihood of blackspot infection.
Crop Diversification: Crop diversification is an effective strategy for controlling blackspot. This involves growing a mix of different crops in the same field, which reduces the build-up of the pathogen and reduces the impact of the disease. For example, intercropping roses with vegetables, such as tomatoes or peppers, can help to control black spot.
Use disease-resistant cultivars, as these plants are less susceptible to infection and can reduce the spread of the disease.

Mechanical Measures

Collection and destruction of dead leaves on the ground can reduce the spread of blackspot disease in rose plants.
Regular pruning of infected leaves also helps to reduce the spread of blackspot.

Biological Measures

Biological control of blackspot involves the use of beneficial organisms to control the pathogen.
Anand Dr Bacto’s Fluro Bio Fungicide contains an effective microbial culture Pseudomonas fluorescence which prevents the growth of target fungi. The recommended dosage is 2.5ml per liter of water.

Rose Black Spot Chemical Measures

In cases where cultural, mechanical and biological control strategies are not sufficient to control black spot, adoption of chemical method of control may be necessary. There are several fungicides available for controlling black spot in roses, including:

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Kavach Fungicide	Chlorothalonil 75% WP	1-2 gm/liter water
Ridomil Gold Fungicide	Metalaxyl 4% + Manconzeb 64% WP	1-1.5 gm/liter water
Kocide Fungicide	Copper Hydroxide 53.8% DF	2 gm/liter water
Multiplex Neel Cu	Copper cheated with EDTA (12.0 %)	0.5 gm/liter water
Indofil M45 Fungicide	Mancozeb 75% WP	3-4 gm/liter water

Explore Fighting Powdery Mildew In Roses-A Comprehensive Guide For Management And Control.

Soil Requirement

Season and Time of planting

Varieties of onion

Different Methods of Growing Onions

Nursery Management

Raising small bulblets for green onion production

Broadcasting/Direct sowing

Land preparation for main field

Transplanting of seedling from nursery

Fertilizer Requirement for Onion Crop

Water Management

Weed Management

Crop Rotation and Mixed cropping

Plant Protection Practices

Pests of Onion crop

Diseases in Onion crop

Harvesting

Curing

Storage

Yield

Overview

Important Information

Conclusion

Overview

Important Points

Conclusion

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States Due to Rose Midge

Symptoms of Rose Midge

Rose Midge Control Measures

Rose Midge Cultural Measures

Physical Measures

Mechanical Measures

Rose Midge Biological Measures

Rose Midge Chemical Measures

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States Due to Rose Leafhoppers

Symptoms of Rose Leafhoppers

Rose Leafhoppers Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Physical Measures

Rose Leafhoppers Mechanical Measures

Biological Measures

Rose Leafhoppers Chemical Measures

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States Due to Rose Japanese Beetle

Symptoms of Rose Japanese Beetle

Rose Japanese Beetle Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Physical Measures

Mechanical Measures

Rose Japanese Beetle Biological Measures

Rose Japanese Beetle Chemical Measures

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States

Symptoms of Rose Crown Gall

Rose Crown Gall Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Mechanical measures

Rose Crown Gall Biological Measures

Chemical Measures

Type of Infestation in Botrytis blight of rose

Most Affected States

Botrytis Blight of Rose Symptoms

Botrytis Blight of Rose Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Mechanical Measures

Biological Measures

Chemical Measures

Major Weeds in Wheat Field

Methods of Weed Management in Wheat Field

Cultural Management:

Mechanical Management:

Weed Management using Herbicides:

Pre-Emergence Herbicides:

Post-Emergent Herbicides:

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States

Symptoms of Rose Black Spot

Rose Black Spot Control Measures