Biofertilizers: Cultivating Healthier Crops And Sustainable Future

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April 28, 2023

Biofertilizers are natural supplements, derived from beneficial microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and algae, or their derivatives. These microorganisms establish symbiotic or associative relationships with plants, promoting nutrient uptake, protecting against diseases and enhancing overall plant growth. They enhance nutrient levels in the soil by harnessing natural processes such as nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization and the synthesis of growth-promoting substances, thereby promoting plant growth. With their ability to enhance crop productivity and reduce chemical dependency, biofertilizers play a vital role in promoting sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural systems.

Types of Biofertilizers:

Types of Biofertilizers	Examples
N2 fixing Biofertilizers
Free-living	Azotobacter, Clostridium, Beijerinkia, Anabaena, Nostoc
Symbiotic	Rhizobium, Frankia, Anabaena azollae
Associative symbiotic	Azospirillum
P Solubilizing Biofertilizers
Bacteria	Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus circulans, Pseudomonas striata
Fungi	Penicillium sp, Aspergillus awamori
P Mobilizing Biofertilizers
Mycorrhizal Fungi	Glomus sp., Rhizoctonia solani., Acaulospora sp., Scutellospora sp., Gigaspora sp., Sclerocystis sp
Biofertilizers for Micronutrients
Silicate and Zinc (Zn) solubilizers	Bacillus sp
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
Pseudomonas	Pseudomonas fluorescens

Why are Biofertilizers Important in Agriculture?

Biofertilizers enrich the soil by improving its microbial activity, organic matter content, and nutrient availability, leading to sustainable soil health.
They enhance nutrient uptake efficiency by facilitating the release of nutrients from the soil and promoting their absorption by plant roots.
They are environmentally friendly which reduces the dependency on synthetic fertilizers.
Compared to synthetic fertilizers, they can be cost-effective in the long run as they improve soil fertility, reducing the dependency on expensive chemical inputs.
Certain biofertilizers possess beneficial microorganisms that suppress soil-borne diseases by inhibiting the growth of pathogens, reducing the need for chemical fungicides. For example: Bacillus subtilis inhibits the growth of pathogens like Botrytis, Phytophthora, and Alternaria, providing disease suppression in crops such as vegetables, fruits and ornamentals.
They can improve overall crop yield by 10 – 25%.
Biofertilizers contain beneficial microorganisms that can help plants withstand biotic and abiotic stresses.
They contribute to improved soil structure and stability, reducing the risk of soil erosion.

Methods of Biofertilizer Application:

Biofertilizers can be applied through various methods depending on the type of biofertilizer, the crop being grown, and the specific agricultural practices.

Seed Treatment: Biofertilizers can be applied directly to the seeds before planting by coating the seeds with a biofertilizer formulation or by soaking the seeds in a biofertilizer solution before planting.
Seedling / Root Dip: In this method, roots of the seedlings or transplants are dipped in a biofertilizer suspension before transplanting them into the main field.
Soil Application: Biofertilizers can be applied to the soil either during or before planting. The products can be mixed with soil amendments like well decomposed FYM / compost / organic matter and can be spread evenly across the field. It can also be applied in furrows or planting holes at the time of sowing or transplanting.
Drip Irrigation or Fertigation: Biofertilizers can be applied through drip irrigation systems, by injecting its solution directly into the irrigation system, allowing it to be distributed evenly throughout the field.
Foliar Application: Some biofertilizers can be applied as foliar spray onto the leaves of plants. It involves spraying diluted biofertilizer solution onto the foliage, allowing the plant to absorb the nutrients and beneficial microorganisms through the leaf surfaces. This may help to address specific nutrient deficiencies.
Composting or vermicomposting: Biofertilizers can also be incorporated into the composting or vermicomposting process. This will help in decomposition of organic materials, accelerating the composting process and enriching the compost.

Biofertilizers and the crops on which it is used:

Biofertilizer	Crops Commonly Used On
Rhizobium	Legumes (e.g., soybean, chickpea, lentils, groundnut)
Azotobacter	Cereals (e.g., wheat, rice, maize), vegetables, cotton, spices, tobacco, ornamental flowers
Azospirillum	Cereals, millets, oilseeds, vegetables
Phosphobacteria	Cereals, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, sugarcane, fruits and flowers
Blue Green Algae (Cyanobacteria)	Paddy, banana
VAM (Mycorrhizae)	Various crops for enhanced nutrient uptake
Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi	All crops
Azolla	Paddy

Find the perfect biofertilizers for your farming needs at BigHaat!

Product	Technical content	Method of Application	Dosage
Premium Azospi	Azosprillium	Seed Treatment	4 – 5 ml/50 – 100 ml of water
		Seedling Dip	4 – 5 ml/lit of water
		Soil Application	500 ml – 1 lit of product + 40 – 50 kg FYM/compost
		Drip Irrigation	5 – 10 ml/lit of water
Sun Bio Rhizo Bio Fertilizer	Rhizobium	Seed Treatment	Mix 10 ml of the product in cold jaggery solution and then apply
		Seedling Dip	10 ml/lit of water
		Soil Application	1 lit of the product + 50 – 100 kg of FYM/compost
		Drenching	5 – 10 ml/lit of water
		Drip Irrigation	5 – 10 ml/lit of water
Amruth Azotofix Liquid	Azotobacter sp	Seed treatment	2 – 3 ml/lit of water
		Drip Irrigation	2 – 3 ml/lit of water
		Soil Application	2 ml/lit of water (Individual plants)
Biofix Ajay Potash	Potasssium mobilizing biofertilizer	Seed Treatment	4 ml/kg of seeds
		Seedling Dip	10 ml/lit of water
		Drip Irrigation	15 – 25 ml/lit of water
SUN BIO POTASH	Potash Mobilizing Bacteria	Seed Treatment	10 ml of product + cold jaggery solution
		Seedling Treatment	10 ml/lit of water
		Soil Application	1 lit of product + 50 –100 kg of well-decomposed manure or cake
		Drenching	5 – 10 ml/lit of water
		Fertigation	5 – 10 ml/lit of water
Vamlet Biofertilizer	Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae	Soil Treatment	4 kg of the product + 50 kg of FYM/compost
Kan Biosys Phosfert	Phosphate solubilizing strains of Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus polymyxa	Soil Application / Fertigation	2.5 ml/lit of water
Kan Biosys Vitormone	Azotobacter	Foliar spray	2 ml/lit of water
Symbion-K	Frateuria sp– Potash solubilizing / mobilizing bacterium	Seed Treatment	10 ml/kg of seeds
		Seedling Dip	10 ml/lit of water
		Sett Treatment	10 ml/lit of water
		Soil Treatment	1.2 lit/acre of the product + 200 kg of manure
		Drip Irrigation	5 ml/lit of water
Biofix AJAY AZO SF	Bio-fertilizer based on Azotobacter species	Seed Treatment	3 ml/kg of seeds
		Seedling Dip	10 ml/lit of water
		Drip Irrigation	10 – 15 ml/lit of water
Ajay Biotech Sphurda SF	Bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing micro-organisms (PSBs)	Seed Treatment	4 ml/kg of seeds
		Seedling Dip	10 ml/lit of water
		Drip Irrigation	3 – 5 lit per acre

Precautions to be taken while using Biofertilizers:

Should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain the viability of the living microorganisms.
Apply biofertilizers at the appropriate stage of crop growth or as recommended.
Follow the recommended dosage guidelines. Avoid excessive application, as it may lead to imbalances in nutrient levels or interfere with plant growth.
Avoid applying biofertilizers during hot, dry periods or under intense sunlight, as this may reduce their effectiveness.
Prevent contamination of biofertilizers during handling and application.
Adequate soil moisture is crucial for the survival and activity of biofertilizer microorganisms. Ensure that the soil has sufficient moisture content before and after applying biofertilizers.
Biofertilizer, fungicides and other chemicals are incompatible, therefore they should not be mixed together.
To maximize effectiveness, it is recommended to exclusively apply Rhizobium to the designated crops due to its crop-specific nature.
Use the packet or bottle before its expiry.
Use both nitrogenous and phosphatic biofertilizers in combination to get optimal outcome.
Do not mix the bio-fertilizers with any chemical products while applying and also ensure that there should be a gap of 6-8 days before or after the biofertilizer application for applying any chemicals into the field.
Integrate the use of biofertilizers alongside chemical fertilizers and organic manures. They are not substitute for fertilizers, but rather are a means to supplement the nutrient requirements of plants.

Sorghum Aphids: Damage And Its Integrated Management

By

Mahalakshmi S

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April 28, 2023

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Sorghum Aphids: Damage And Its Integrated Management

Aphids are tiny, soft-bodied insects that feed on the sap of plants. They are small, oval-shaped insects that range in colour from green, yellow and black. Sorghum aphids are a serious pest that affects sorghum crop by sucking the sap from the plants. They are often referred to as “plant lice” because of their feeding habits, which can cause stunted growth, distorted leaves and even death of the affected plants. Warm and humid conditions favor the growth and development of sorghum aphids.

Types of Infestation

Sorghum aphids are known to infest the sorghum crop in two ways: direct infestation and indirect infestation. Direct infestation occurs when the aphids feed on the sap of the plant, causing a reduction in the plant’s growth and yield. Indirect infestation occurs when the aphids secrete a honeydew substance, which attracts other pests such as ants and flies. These pests feed on the honeydew, and their feeding activity can also damage the plant.

Scientific Name: Rhopalosiphum maidis, Melanaphis sacchari.

Most Affected States

In India, Sorghum aphids are commonly found in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Gujarat.

Symptoms of Sorghum Aphids

Sorghum aphid infestations can cause significant damage to the crop, resulting in stunted growth and reduced yield. Some of the common symptoms of Sorghum aphid infestations are:

The presence of aphids can be seen in the central leaf whorl, stems and panicles of the sorghum crop.
They suck the sap from the plant leading to yellowing of leaves.
Yellowish mottling of leaves, marginal leaf necrosis and stunted growth are the most common symptoms caused by sorghum aphids.
Sorghum aphids secrete a honeydew substance, which attracts other pests and can lead to the growth of sooty mould on the plant.
Transmits maize dwarf mosaic virus.

Sorghum Aphids Control Measures

A combination of different control measures is often required to effectively manage aphid infestations in sorghum crops. The following are some common IPM practices used to control aphids.

Cultural Measures

Removal of plant debris and weeds can reduce the population of sorghum aphids.
Avoid applying excessive doses of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Maintaining healthy plant growth, providing proper irrigation and adequate nutrients can also help to reduce the impact of aphids on sorghum crops.
Planting trap crops can be an effective way to manage aphids. Example, planting nasturtiums near the sorghum field can attract aphids away from sorghum.

Physical Measures

Solar Light Trap can be installed in sorghum field to trap and kill the adult aphids. For an acre install one light trap for effective trapping.

Sorghum Aphids Mechanical Measures

Collect and destroy the heavily infested plant parts.
Tapas Yellow Sticky Traps @ 6-8 traps per acre can be used for the effective control of aphids in sorghum plants.

Biological Measures

Release natural predators like ladybugs, lacewings and parasitic wasps to control aphid populations.
Katyayani Activated Neem Oil Biopesticide contains activated azadirachtin which when used at the rate of 5 ml per liter water with a 12 days interval between each spray can effectively control aphids in sorghum crops.
Amruth Alestra Liquid (Bio Insecticide) contains strains of naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii which comes in contact with the cuticle of the aphids and colonizes them. The recommended dosage is 2 ml per liter of water.

Sorghum Aphids Chemical Measures

Commercial chemicals that are used to control sorghum aphids includes,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Confidor Insecticide	Imidacloprid 17.8% SL	0.75 – 1 ml/lit water
Actara Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 25 % WG	0.5 gm/lit water
Anshul Ikon Insecticide	Acetamiprid 20% S.P.	0.5 gm/lit water
Tafgor Insecticide	Dimethoate 30% EC	1.5 – 2.5 ml/lit water
Asataf Insecticide	Acephate 75% SP	1 – 1.5 gm/lit water

Sorghum Stem Borer: Effective Prevention And Management Strategies- See More

Flower Dropping And Decreased Fruit Set In Papaya: Management Strategies

By

Deepika M

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April 28, 2023

0

Flower Dropping And Decreased Fruit Set In Papaya: Management Strategies

Papaya (Carica papaya) is a tropical fruit that is commercially significant due to its exceptional nutritional and medicinal value. One of the most interesting aspects of papaya trees is their unique sexual characteristics and the nature of their flowering. Unlike most other fruit trees, papaya trees are able to change their sex and produce both male and female flowers at different stages of their development. Papaya plants/trees may be categorized to male, female or hermaphrodite trees based on type of flowers they produce. Depending on the tree’s type, the flowers and fruit (if found) vary in appearance, function and size. Typically, a papaya plant’s gender may change depending on the temperature during the developmental stages.

Papaya Trees – Male type

The flowers of male papaya trees are small which grow in clusters on long stalks (peduncle) and have a thin, tube-like structure. Unlike female flowers, which only contain a pistil, male flowers have both male and female reproductive organs, with stamens producing pollen and pistils not functioning for fruit production.

Under normal conditions, male papaya trees cannot produce fruit. However, in certain environmental conditions, such as high temperatures in the summer, the tree may undergo a temporary gender change, becoming a hermaphrodite. In this case, the previously non-functional pistil can become active, allowing the tree to produce fruit after pollination.

Papaya male flower clusters on long stalks

Papaya Trees – Female type

The flowers of female papaya trees grow singly or in small clusters and are typically larger than male flowers. They develop on shorter stalks and have a distinctive bulbous base that contains the ovary, which develops into the fruit when fertilized. The petals (5 in number) of female papaya flowers are broad and thick. Even though the male reproductive organ (stamen) is absent, the pistil is capable of producing fruit through pollination. Pollination is usually done by bees or other insects.

The fruit produced by pollinated female flowers is typically a green-skinned, melon-like fruit that ranges in size from 6 to 15 inches and contains yellow or orange flesh and black seeds. Unpollinated female papaya tree may produce seedless papaya fruit.

Papaya Trees –Hermaphrodite type

Hermaphrodite papaya trees are those that have both male and female reproductive organs in their flowers, making them capable of self-pollination and fruit production. Fruits produced from hermaphrodite papaya plants are generally medium to large in size, with an oval or elongated shape. They have a smooth, thin and slightly waxy skin that ranges in color from green to yellow orange when ripe and have a minimal number of small, black seeds.

During hot weather, hermaphrodite papaya trees may act as male trees, while under certain timing or training conditions, they may behave as female trees. this type of trees is preferred by commercial growers because they are more reliable and produce more fruit than female trees. However, they may require hand-pollination in some cases to ensure optimal fruit production.

Causes of Flower dropping in Papaya trees:

Temperature and Relative Humidity (RH):

For optimal pollination and fertilization of papaya fruits, the temperature should ideally be between 20 to 33°C, while the RH should be between 70 to 85 percent. Any temperature or humidity levels either below or above this range can negatively impact the pollination process and result in flower dropping before the fruit is formed. In cases where the temperature is too low, chemical growth regulators can be used to compensate, but this may result in seedless or low-quality fruit.

Cultural Factors:

Cultural factors, such as inadequate or excessive nitrogen (N) fertility levels, can lead to flower dropping in papaya trees. Both low and high doses of nitrogen can cause this issue. Toxicity can have a direct effect on flower abortion. While even medium levels of ammonical nitrogen can affect flower and fruit settings. This can also trigger viral infections, leading to flower dropping.

Water management:

Papaya trees are sensitive to both flooding and drought. Insufficient and excess moisture can have adverse effects on flower development, pollination, fertilization and fruit setting in papaya trees. Uneven water supply to the papaya plants can induce stress, resulting in irregular flower production and fruit setting.

Light Exposure:

Reduced or increased duration of light exposure can have negative consequences, potentially affecting flower development, pollination, fertilization and fruit setting.

Wind:

Excessive wind can naturally result in physical damage to flowers, causing them to fall off and can also cause pollen to be swept away, potentially leading to inadequate pollination and fertilization.

Pests:

The damage caused by insects, especially those that feed on flowers or fruits, can negatively impact the health of papaya flowers. Chewing insects may also contribute to flower damage. Fruit flies are especially problematic and can cause premature flower droppings.

Diseases:

Fungal and bacterial diseases can affect flower development, leading to flower dropping. Viral infections can also cause flower and fruit drops, as the virus can affect the plant’s ability to develop and mature the flowers and fruits.

Fungal infections: Powdery mildew, Downy mildew, Black spot.
Bacterial infections: Bacterial spot, Speck disease.
Viral infections: Papaya Ring spot infections, Leaf Curl viral infections etc.

Nutrient deficiency:

When the soil has poor water and nutrient holding capacities, nutrient deficiencies can occur, especially for micronutrients such as boron and calcium. This is particularly common in sandy and light soils.

Control Measures to prevent Papaya Flower Drop:

The temperature and relative humidity are environmental factors that are often beyond the grower’s control. Similarly, the light exposure the trees receive cannot be controlled.
In some cases, the only option for the grower is to wait for favorable weather conditions, while in extreme conditions, regulating irrigation practices can help to control the microclimatic conditions.
To protect papaya plants from high winds, physical wind barriers can be erected along the borders, allowing necessary airflow while preventing damage from excessive wind.
By monitoring disease and pest management, flower drops can be avoided, and maximum yield can be achieved in papaya cultivation.
Ensure the papaya plants receive consistent and adequate watering, particularly during the flowering stage, to avoid water stress.
Provide balanced fertilization and micronutrients to the papaya plants, as nutrient deficiencies or toxicity can cause flower drop.
Ensure adequate pollination by introducing pollinators like honeybees, or hand-pollinate using a soft brush, as poor pollination can cause flower drops.

Management	Products
Micronutrients	Spray Allbor (20% Boron) micronutrient at 1 gm/lit during flowering and fruit setting stage. Spray Multiplex Magnum Mn (Manganese 12%) at 0.5 gm/lit of water. It helps to resist viral multiplication in plants. (Use Shamrock Overseas Sluuurp wetting and spreading agent at 0.5 – 1 ml/lit of water)
Pests	Spray Econeeem plus at 2 – 3 ml/lit of water. Spray Confidor Insecticide at 0.7 – 1 ml/lit water or Anant Insecticide at 0.3 – 0.5 gm/lit of water.
Diseases	Fungal Diseases: Spray Hifield Ridomet 35 Fungicide at 1.5 gm/lit water or Drench/Spray with Blitox Fungicide at 3 gm/lit water or Spray Dhanuka M45 at 3 – 4 gm/lit water. Bacterial Disease: Spray Conika Fungicide at 1.5 – 2 gm/lit of water or Borogold at 1.5 gm/lit water. Viral Diseases: Spray Geolife no virus at 3 – 5 ml/lit water or Spray VC 100 at 5 gm/lit of water. Control vectors (sucking pests) spreading the diseases.

The Battle Against Rice Caseworm: Symptoms And Solutions

By

Mahalakshmi S

-

April 27, 2023

0

The Battle Against Rice Caseworm: Symptoms And Solutions

The rice caseworm is a pest that commonly affects rice crops and is mostly found in rice-growing regions worldwide. The larvae of the rice caseworm feed on the leaves of rice plants causing defoliation, yield loss and even crop failure which can lead to significant damage to the rice crops. Paddy at seedling and vegetative stages are the most preferred host of rice caseworms. It is commonly found in irrigated and rainfed wetland rice fields with poor drainage areas. The larvae can be identified by its translucent green body, orange head with filamentous gills on the side of the body. Transplanting young seedlings favors the development of rice caseworms.

Type of Infestation

Larvae feed on the chlorophyll content of the leaves leading to defoliation, stunted growth and death of the affected plant.

Scientific Name: Nymphula depunctalis

Most Affected States Due to Rice caseworm

The Paddy case worm is found throughout India, but it is most prevalent in the rice-growing regions of West Bengal, Assam, and Bihar.

Symptoms of Rice caseworm

The larvae consume the green tissue of the leaves, causing them to turn whitish and papery.
By cutting the apical part of leaves, caterpillars create tubular cases around themselves that can float on water.
Ladder-like leaf tissues can be seen on the infested leaves.
In case of severe infestation, plant growth is completely reduced.

Control Measures

Rice Caseworms can be controlled by following the below mentioned cultural, Mechanical, Biological and Chemical methods.

Rice Caseworm Cultural Measures

Cultural control methods for managing Paddy case worm infestations include the following:

Early planting can help rice crops avoid the peak activity period of caseworm moths.
Draining rice fields for 5-7 days can effectively kill caseworm larvae.
Provide rice fields with wider hill spacing, typically 30 x 20 cm to experience less damage from caseworm.
Applying nitrogen fertilizer at optimal dosages and using split applications can reduce the abundance of rice caseworms.
Use a rope to dislodge the caseworm, causing them to fall on the ground and subsequently drain the water, gather the cases and destroy them.

Mechanical Measures

Mix 400 ml of kerosene with 10 kg of sand and apply the mixture to the stagnant water. Then use coir rope for dislodging the caseworms in water mixed with kerosene.

Rice Caseworm Biological Measures

Release natural predators such as larval parasitoids, Elasmus sp., Apanteles sp., Bracon sp., and pupal parasitoids, Pediobius sp., Apsilops sp., Eupteromalus parnarae to control the rice caseworms population.
Also encourage biocontrol agents like hydrophilid and dytiscid water beetles to feed on the larvae of caseworms and spiders, dragonflies, birds to feed on the adult caseworms.

Rice Caseworm Chemical Measures

Coromandel phendal is a broad-spectrum insecticide, which has a strong pungent odour that prevents adult caseworm moths from laying eggs. It contains a penthoate 50% EC and when used at the rate of 2 ml per liter of water can effectively control rice caseworms.
Ekalux Insecticide is another broad-spectrum insecticide that can be effective in controlling rice case worm infestations. It contains Quinalphos 25% EC. The recommended dosage is 2 ml per liter of water.

Explore Management Of Bacterial Leaf Blight In Rice/Paddy.

The Fight Against Paddy Hispa: Best Practices For Management

By

Mahalakshmi S

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April 27, 2023

0

The Fight Against Paddy Hispa: Best Practices For Management

Rice hispa, also known as spiny beetle, is a serious pest of rice crops. Rice hispa is a well-known invasive pest which causes significant damage to rice crops resulting in reduced yield and economic losses to farmers. This article will provide an overview of rice hispa including its characteristics, symptoms and control measures.

They are small bluish black beetles with a number of spines on the elytra. Female makes a minute slit towards the tip of tender lead blade and lay eggs singly, which hatch out into flat yellowish grubs and mine into leaves and produce blotches. They pupate in the leaf mines. The entire life cycle of rice hispa is completed within rice leaves. Rainy and cloudy weather conditions favor the growth and development of rice hispa.

Type of Infestation

The paddy hispa larva tunnels into the leaf blade and consumes the green tissue between the veins, while adult beetles feed by scraping off the green matter of the tender leaves. This feeding behavior can cause significant damage to the rice plant, particularly during its early stages of growth.

Scientific Name: Dicladispa armigera

Most Affected States Due to Rice Hispa

Rice hispa is found in many parts of India. Some of the most affected states include Gujarat, Haryana, Orissa, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Assam.

Symptoms of Rice Hispa

Adult beetles scrape the green matter of the leaf causing characteristic white parallel streaks.
Leaves are left with only epidermis at the lower part as they scrape the green matter from the upper portion of leaf blade.
The damaged leaves can wilt and fall off.
Severe infestation makes rice fields look scorched.

Rice Hispa Control Measures

A comprehensive strategy, encompassing cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods can be implemented to effectively manage paddy hispa.

Rice Hispa Cultural Measures

Early planting is recommended to avoid infestation.
Avoid applying excessive doses of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Clipping the tips of the leaf blades prior to transplanting can remove paddy hispa eggs.
Eliminating rice ratoons and volunteer rice during the crop-free season can impact the survival and multiplication of over-wintering populations of paddy hispa.

Physical Measures

Hand picking and destroying the beetles is one of the effective ways to reduce the rice hispa population.

Biological Measures

Introducing natural predators like Reduviid bug can help reduce the population of paddy hispa.

Rice Hispa Chemical Measures

In cases where cultural, physical and biological control strategies are not sufficient to control Paddy Hispa, adoption of chemical method of control may be necessary. There are several insecticides available for controlling paddy hispa, including:

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Actara Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 25 % WG	0.5 gm/lit of water
Reeva 5 Insecticide	Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 % EC	2 ml/lit of water
Mitlar – E	Emamectin Benzoate 1.9 % EC	1-1.5 ml/lit of water
Citara Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 25 % WG	0.5gm/lit of water
Police Insecticide	Fipronil 40% + Imidacloprid 40% WG	0.2-0.5 gm/lit of water
Sanvex SP Insecticide	Cartap Hydrochloride 50 % SP	1.5-2.5 gm/lit of water

CLICK HERE : Management Of Brown Spot In Rice/Paddy

Rice Swarming Caterpillar Infestation And Its Management

By

Mahalakshmi S

-

April 27, 2023

0

Rice Swarming Caterpillar Infestation And Its Management

The Rice Swarming Caterpillar is considered a destructive pest that infests rice crops, causing significant threat to rice production. Rice swarming caterpillars feed on rice leaves, stem and panicles, leading to yield losses ranging from 20% in moderate infestation to 70% in severe infestation. This pest is particularly concerning because it has the ability to reproduce quickly and can migrate over large distances, making it difficult to control.

Rice swarming caterpillars are polyphagous in nature which attacks various other gramineous crops and weeds, but upland rice is the preferred host of this caterpillar. Heavy rainfall favors the outbreak of rice swarming caterpillars. The mature larvae can be identified by their green, grey or brown color body with dark dorsal and sub dorsal longitudinal stripes. They also have two rows of black color C-shaped spots on their backs.

Type of Infestation

The Rice Swarming Caterpillar can cause both sporadic and epidemic outbreaks. Sporadic outbreaks occur when small populations of the pest appear in localized areas, while epidemic outbreaks occur when large populations of the pest spread rapidly over a wide geographic area. These outbreaks can cause significant damage to rice crops by feeding on rice leaves and stems and result in reduced yields.

Scientific Name: Spodoptera mauritia

Most Affected States Due to Rice Swarming Caterpillar

The Rice Swarming Caterpillar is known to affect several states in India, particularly northern and eastern regions of the country, where rice production is a significant agricultural activity. The affected states include Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha.

Symptoms of Rice Swarming Caterpillar

The Rice Swarming Caterpillar can cause several damaging symptoms or infestation signs, including:

The caterpillars move in large numbers and cause damage to the paddy crop by cutting off leaf tips, margins and even entire plants at the base.
The larvae feed on the leaves of the rice plants, making shot holes on the leaf blades.
Skeletonization of leaves and dieback of stems.
The damage is more severe on seedlings in nurseries and direct seeded crops, as well as during the early tillering stage in transplanted rice.
Severely infested fields show cattle grazed appearance.

Rice Swarming Caterpillar Control Measures

An integrated pest management technique which includes cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods is often necessary to effectively control rice swarming caterpillars.

Cultural Measures

Crop rotation with non-host crops helps to reduce the population of rice swarming caterpillars.
Deep summer ploughing of fields exposes larvae and pupa of rice swarming caterpillar, which are located in the soil to birds.
Flooding the nurseries and paddy fields will also expose the larvae to birds.
Provide bird perches to facilitate predation by birds.
Avoid using excessive amount of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Allowing ducks into the field can feed on the larvae of rice swarming caterpillar.

Physical Measures

As the moths of swarming caterpillars are attracted towards light, set up a Solar Light Trap which helps to catch the flying insects. It is recommended to install 1 trap per acre for effective trapping.

Rice Swarming Caterpillar Mechanical Measures

Hand picking and destroying the caterpillar is an effective way to control rice swarming caterpillar.
In severe infestation cases, mix one litre of kerosene with 25 kg soil and broadcast in 1 hectare area.
Tapas Yellow Sticky Trap can be used to trap adult moths. For effective trapping install 4 to 6 traps per acre.

Biological Measures

Release natural predators such as an egg parasitoid Telenomus spp. and a larval parasitoid Apanteles spp. @40000 per acre for controlling rice swarming caterpillar.
Greenpeace Neemol Bio Neem Oil Insecticide contains neem-based products azadirachtin which when used at the rate of 1-2ml per liter of water with 15days interval between each spray can effectively control swarming caterpillars in fields.

Rice Swarming Caterpillar Chemical Measures

Chemical control methods involve the use of chemicals to manage the pest population. Insecticides that are commonly used to control the rice swarming caterpillars are mentioned in the table below,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Shamrock Gold CP Insecticide	Chlorpyriphos 20% EC	2.5 ml/lit of water
Ekalux Insecticide	Quinalphos 25% EC	2 ml/lit of water
Starclaim Insecticide	Emamectin benzoate 5% SG	0.5 gm/lit of water
Plethora Insecticide	Novaluron 5.25% + Indoxacarb 4.5% SC	2 ml/lit of water

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Integrated Management Of Bacterial Blight Disease In Pomegranate

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Deepika M

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April 27, 2023

0

Integrated Management of Bacterial Blight Disease in Pomegranate

Bacterial blight is a serious disease that affects pomegranate cultivation in India, which is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae. The disease can cause significant damage to pomegranate trees, leading to reduced yield (in some cases up to 90%) and poor fruit quality. This, in turn, can affect the marketing value of the fruits and lead to significant economic losses for farmers. Thus, effective disease management strategies are crucial for controlling bacterial blight in pomegranate and maintaining productivity.

What causes Bacterial Blight Disease in Pomegranate?

Bacterial blight disease is more severe during fruiting stage. The bacterium can survive on infected plant debris, in soil, and in plant tissue, and can be transmitted through various means as given below.

The bacterium can be spread from infected plant tissues to healthy tissues through splashing rain or irrigation water.
Natural openings and wounds can act as a source for bacteria entry.
Contaminated pruning tools, equipment and movement of workers may spread the disease over short distance.
Infected planting material such as seedlings or cuttings can serve as a means of introducing the bacterium to new areas.
Certain insects, such as thrips, blister beetles and whiteflies, can transmit the bacterium from infected to healthy plants while feeding.
Environmental factors such as high humidity (> 50%) and temperature (25 – 35°C) along with intermittent rainfall and cloudy weather can create favorable conditions for the growth and spread of the bacterium.

Bacterial Blight in Pomegranate Symptoms:

Small, circular, water-soaked spots appear on the leaves, which later turn brown and necrotic. The spots may coalesce and form larger lesions.
In severe cases, the infected leaves may turn yellow and fall off the plant, leading to defoliation.
Infected twigs turn brown or black and may wilt, causing dieback of the affected branches.
Small, dark, sunken spots appear on the fruit surface, which can enlarge, cover the whole fruit surface and cause the fruit to crack or split open.
The bacteria can cause the formation of gum-like exudates on the surface of infected tissues.
Infected fruits may show internal discolouration due to rotting.

Bacterial Blight in Pomegranate Preventive Measures:

Cultural:

Use disease-free planting material.
Use disinfectant pruning tools and equipment.
Remove and destroy infected plant parts.
Avoid overhead irrigation to reduce the spread of the disease.
Ensure proper spacing between plants to promote good air circulation.
After harvesting during Dec – Feb, prune the secondary and tertiary branches with infection.
Apply the recommended dosage of fertilizers and incorporate well-decomposed farmyard manure and vermicompost along with it to enhance the resistance of plants against diseases. Application of manures and fertilizers during the rest period is also important.

Biological:

Apply Biocontrol agents such as Pseudomonas fluorescens (10 ml/lit water) or Bacillus sp (250 ml + 10 kg FYM/Compost) and Trichoderma sp (1 – 2 kg + 100 kg FYM) as a prophylactic measure.
Give a spray of 40% Tulsi extract followed by neem oil spray.
The extracts of garlic bulb, meswak stem, and patchouli leaves at a concentration of 30% can be sprayed.
Spray Geolife Geomycin Bio Bactericide at 0.5 – 1 gm/lit water or Terra BactoKill.at 3 ml/lit of water.

Chemical (Prophylactic Measure):

To reduce the severity of the disease, apply a 1% Bordeaux mixture by spraying prior to pruning.
Smear application of copper-based fungicides onto the surface of the plant parts susceptible to infection, such as the basal trunk, branches and twigs, before the onset of disease symptoms helps to control the disease.
For this, following pruning, apply Streptocyclin or Streptomycin sulphate (0.2 gm/lit water) or Bactinash (0.5 gm/lit water) + Copper oxy chloride (2 gm/lit water) to the basal trunk of susceptible plants to decrease the occurrence of the disease.

(Note: Always prepare Bordeaux mixture fresh and use on the same day)

Management of Bacterial Blight in Pomegranate:

In order to effectively manage bacterial blight in pomegranate, it is recommended to implement an integrated approach that combines preventive measures with other methods, as relying solely on chemical control is ineffective.

The below mentioned chemicals can be used alone or in combinations.

Product	Technical content	Dosage
Blue Copper Fungicide or Blitox Fungicide	Copper Oxychloride 50% WP	2 gm/lit water
Dhanuka Kasu B Fungicide	Kasugamacyin 3% SL	2 – 3 ml/lit water
Borogold Fungicide	Combination of Nano Silver Particles & Peroxy Acid	1.5 gm/lit water
Crystocycline Bactericide Antibiotic	Streptomycin sulphate 90% + Tetracylin hydrocloride 10% SP	0.2 gm/lit water
Kocide Fungicide	Copper Hydroxide 53.8% DF	2 gm/lit water

(Note: After application of bactericide, spray General liquid micronutrient (2.5 ml/lit of water). It helps in effective management of the disease and also increases plant’s resistance against the disease. Also, check the product’s label to know the right time of application)

Click Here to Discover More: Effective Strategies for Managing Bacterial Leaf Blight in Rice/Paddy

Preventing Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus Outbreaks In Bhendi: Strategies For Farmers

By

Deepika M

-

April 27, 2023

0

Preventing Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus Outbreaks in Bhendi: Strategies for Farmers

Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus), also known as okra or lady’s finger, is a popular vegetable that is widely grown and consumed in India. Like any other crop, bhendi is also susceptible to various diseases like fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, leaf spot and yellow vein mosaic virus. that can affect its growth and yield. Among these, yellow vein mosaic or vein-clearing is the most devasting viral disease in all bhendi growing regions of India. If the crop is affected by the virus at early stages, up to 80% of crop loss can be expected.

Yellow Vein Mosaic in Bhendi

The virus can infect plants at any growth stage. The infections are more prevalent during the summer months when the incidence and infestation of whiteflies are more severe.

Causal organism: Bhendi Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus

Vector: Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)

Symptoms of Yellow Vein Mosaic / Vein Clearing in Bhendi:

Yellowing of veins and veinlets of the leaves

Yellowing of veins and veinlets of the leaves.
Later, interveinal regions of the leaves turn yellow or white.
The leaves of the infected plant may show mosaic patterns of yellow and green.
In case of severe infection, affected young leaves show complete chlorosis.
The infected plants may show stunted growth and reduced size.
The leaves may be smaller in size and may show distortion or curling.
Affected plants may produce fewer flowers and fruits, and the fruits may be deformed, smaller in size, harder and yellow green in colour.

Preventive Measures:

There are no known treatments for yellow vein mosaic virus, once a plant is infected. However, a combination of preventive measures and control strategies can be effective in managing the disease and minimize crop loss.

Use Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) tolerant varieties/hybrids of bhendi like Rudraksh F1 Roshani Okra, Urja Agri – Bhindi Marina, Sarpan F1 hybrid bhindi, Indam 9821 bhendi, Pan 2127 hybrid bhendi.
Avoid growing susceptible varieties during summer, since whitefly activity is high during the season.
Remove and destroy the disease affected plants from the field to avoid secondary spread.
Keep the field clean and free from weeds.
Control the population of whiteflies and prevent the spread of the virus.
Introduce natural predators of whiteflies, such as ladybugs and lacewings, to control their populations.
Avoid excessive use of ammoniacal nitrogen fertilizers as it can increase the susceptibility of plants to viral infections.
Plant leguminous crops like beans or lentils in rotation with bhendi to improve soil health and reduce the risk of disease transmission.
Plant marigold, maize or sunflower as border crops to trap the vector, whitefly.
Spray chilli and garlic extracts to repel whiteflies.
Give foliar spray of Magnum Mn and Geo life No Virus to enhance the plant’s resistance to YVMV and reduce the incidence of the disease.
Crop rotation with non-host crops.
Installation of yellow sticky traps @ 6-8 per acre.

Control Measures for Vector, Whitefly:

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Mechanical Management
Tapas Yellow Sticky Trap	Sticky trap	4 – 6 per acre
Biological Management
Greenpeace Neemol Bio Neem oil	Neem Oil extracts (Azardiractin)	1 – 2 ml/lit of water
Anand Dr Bacto’s Brave	Beauveria bassiana	2.5 ml/lit of water
Chemical Management
Anant Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 25% WG	0.3 – 0.5 gm/lit of water
Benevia Insecticide	Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD	1.7 – 2 ml/lit of water
Dhanpreet Insecticide	Acetamiprid 20% SP	0.2 – 0.4 gm/lit of water
Tatamida SL Insecticide	Imidacloprid 17.8% SL	1 – 2 ml/lit of water
Police Insecticide	Fipronil 40% + Imidacloprid 40% WG	0.2 – 0.6 gm/lit of water
Osheen Insecticide	Dinotefuran 20 % SG	0.3 – 0.4 gm/lit of water
Movento Energy Insecticide	Spirotetramat 11.01% + Imidacloprid 11.01% SC	0.5 – 1 ml/lit of water

Discover more about diseases and insect-pests affecting okra: symptoms and control measures. CLICK HERE

Paddy Gall Midge: An Integrated Pest Management Guide

By

Mahalakshmi S

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April 26, 2023

0

Paddy Gall Midge: An Integrated Pest Management Guide

The Paddy Gall Midge, which is scientifically known as Orseolia oryzae is an insect pest that attacks paddy crops. It is a significant threat to the rice crop in many parts of India, causing severe damage to the yield and quality of the crop. This paddy gall midge is mainly found in irrigated conditions during the tillering stage of the rice crop. Cloudy or rainy weather favors the population density of rice gall midge. They are orange colored mosquito like fly, which undergoes several stages of development including egg, larva, pupa and adult.

Type of Infestation

The Paddy Gall Midge infests the rice crop, primarily attacking the stem of the plant. It causes a characteristic swelling or gall formation, which provides the larvae or nymphs with food and protection. The pest can infest the rice crop at any stage of its growth, from seedling to maturity, but it is most severe during the vegetative and reproductive stages of the plant.

Scientific Name: Orseolia oryzae

Most Affected States Due to Paddy Gall Midge

The Paddy Gall Midge is a significant threat to the rice crop in many parts of India, but it is most severe in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh

Symptoms of Paddy Gall Midge

The Paddy Gall Midge infestation causes several damaging symptoms or signs on the rice crop,

The most characteristic symptom of paddy gall midge infestation is the formation of a gall or swelling on the rice plant’s stem. The gall is caused by the larvae or nymphs of the pest, which feed on the stem’s inner tissue, causing it to swell.
Onion leaf or silver shoot is the most common symptom caused by paddy gall midge.
Infested tiller fails to produce panicles.
The Paddy Gall midge infestation can also cause stunted growth of the rice plant.

Control Measures

An integrated Pest Management measures includes cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical method which is often required to control paddy gall midge effectively.

Paddy Gall Midge Cultural Measures

Cultivate gall midge resistant paddy varieties like IR 36, MDU 3, Shakti, Jyoti, Vikram, Sureka.
Deep ploughing helps to bury the larvae and pupae of the pest, preventing their emergence.
Early planting is recommended as it can help in reducing the prevalence of gall midge.
Maintain field sanitation by destroying affected crop debris and weeds.

Paddy Gall Midge Physical Measures

Solar Light Trap can be used to trap and kill paddy gall midge. Since the gall midge adults are active during the evening hours, it is recommended to install light traps at a rate of 1 trap per acre between 6.00 PM to 9.00 PM in order to attract them.

Mechanical Measures

Barrix Magic Sticker Trap Yellow Sheet attracts the adult gall midges and kills them. For an acre, use 10 sheets of sticky trap and place them above the plant foliage for effective trapping.

Paddy Gall Midge Biological Measures

Release Platygaster oryzae, an egg larval parasitoid of gall midge at the rate of 1 per 10 square meters in the main field on the 10th day after transplanting.
Introduce the carabid beetle, Ophionia indica, which is an effective predator of gall midge.
Greenpeace Neemol Bio Neem Oil Insecticide contains neem-based products azadirachtin which when used at the rate of 1-2 ml per liter of water with 15 days interval between each spray can effectively control gall midge in paddy fields.
Anshul Bio Finish is a broad spectrum biopesticide containing active ingredients derived from many plants. Use Anshul Bio Finish biopesticide at the rate of 3-5ml per liter of water at regular intervals of 10-12 days for effective control of midges.

Paddy Gall Midge Chemical Measures

Some of the commercial chemicals that are used to control rice gall midge includes,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Reeva 5 Insecticide	Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 % EC	2 ml/lit of water
Shamrock CP Gold Insecticide	Chlorpyriphos 20% EC	2.5 ml/lit of water
Anant Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 25% WG	0.3-0.5 gm/lit of water
Marshal Insecticide	Carbosulfan 25% EC	2 ml/lit of water
Fax SC Insecticide	Fipronil 5 % SC	2-3 ml/lit of water

Major Insect-Pests Of Paddy Crop And Their Control Measures–See more

Management Of Dusky Cotton Bug In Cotton

By

Mahalakshmi S

-

April 26, 2023

0

Management Of Dusky Cotton Bug In Cotton

Cotton is considered as one of the most important cash and fibre crop in India. It is often called ‘White Gold’ due to its economic importance. However, cotton plants are also vulnerable to various insect pests that can cause significant damage to the crop. One such pest is Dusky Cotton Bug. This bug feeds on the sap of cotton plants, leading to significant damage to the leaves and bolls of the crop. Dusky Cotton Bug is typically brown or grey in color and has a triangular-shaped body with transparent wings.

Type of Infestation

Dusky cotton bugs are a type of sap feeder, which sucks the sap from developing seeds in open bolls and causes lint discoloration.

Scientific Name: Oxycarenus hyalinipennis

Most Affected States

The exact distribution of Dusky Cotton Bug in India is not well documented. However, they are a known pest of cotton plants and are likely present in cotton-growing regions of the country.

Symptoms of Dusky cotton Bug

Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from developing seeds, ultimately reducing the weight and viability of seeds.
Discoloration of lint.
Affected seeds become shrunken and discolored.

Control Measures

The management of Dusky Cotton Bug on cotton plants can be achieved through an integrated approach that includes cultural, biological and chemical measures.

Cultural Measures

Eliminating alternate host plants, such as okra, can help reduce the infestation of the dusky cotton bug.
Early harvesting helps to minimize the damage from Dusky Cotton Bug.

Physical Measures

Collect and destroy the nymphs and adults of dusky cotton bug by shaking the bolls into vessels with kerosene water.

Biological Measures

Ecotin Insecticide is a neem based biological insecticide containing Azadirachtin, which can be used effectively to control dusky cotton bugs. The recommended dosage is 0.4 – 0.7ml per liter of water.

Chemical Management

Some of the commercially available chemicals for controlling dusky cotton bugs are mentioned below,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Battalion Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 25% WG	0.5 gm/lit of water or 100 gm/acre
Katyayani IMD 178	Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL	0.25 ml/lit of water or 50 ml/acre
Hifield Ag Pyramid Insecticide	Acetamprid 20% SP	0.5gm/lit of water or 100 gm/acre
Anshul Chlocip Insecticide	Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5%EC	2 ml/lit of water or 400 ml/acre

Types of Biofertilizers:

Why are Biofertilizers Important in Agriculture?

Methods of Biofertilizer Application:

Biofertilizers and the crops on which it is used:

Find the perfect biofertilizers for your farming needs at BigHaat!

Precautions to be taken while using Biofertilizers:

Types of Infestation

Most Affected States

Symptoms of Sorghum Aphids

Sorghum Aphids Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Physical Measures

Sorghum Aphids Mechanical Measures

Biological Measures

Sorghum Aphids Chemical Measures

Papaya Trees – Male type

Papaya Trees – Female type

Papaya Trees –Hermaphrodite type

Causes of Flower dropping in Papaya trees:

Temperature and Relative Humidity (RH):

Cultural Factors:

Water management:

Light Exposure:

Wind:

Pests:

Diseases:

Nutrient deficiency:

Control Measures to prevent Papaya Flower Drop:

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States Due to Rice caseworm

Symptoms of Rice caseworm

Control Measures

Rice Caseworm Cultural Measures

Mechanical Measures

Rice Caseworm Biological Measures

Rice Caseworm Chemical Measures

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States Due to Rice Hispa

Symptoms of Rice Hispa

Rice Hispa Control Measures

Rice Hispa Cultural Measures

Physical Measures

Biological Measures

Rice Hispa Chemical Measures

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States Due to Rice Swarming Caterpillar

Symptoms of Rice Swarming Caterpillar

Rice Swarming Caterpillar Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Physical Measures

Rice Swarming Caterpillar Mechanical Measures

Biological Measures

Rice Swarming Caterpillar Chemical Measures

What causes Bacterial Blight Disease in Pomegranate?

Bacterial Blight in Pomegranate Symptoms:

Bacterial Blight in Pomegranate Preventive Measures:

Cultural:

Biological:

Chemical (Prophylactic Measure):

Management of Bacterial Blight in Pomegranate:

Yellow Vein Mosaic in Bhendi

Symptoms of Yellow Vein Mosaic / Vein Clearing in Bhendi:

Preventive Measures:

Control Measures for Vector, Whitefly:

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States Due to Paddy Gall Midge

Symptoms of Paddy Gall Midge

Control Measures

Paddy Gall Midge Cultural Measures

Paddy Gall Midge Physical Measures

Mechanical Measures

Paddy Gall Midge Biological Measures

Paddy Gall Midge Chemical Measures

Type of Infestation

Most Affected States

Symptoms of Dusky cotton Bug

Control Measures

Cultural Measures

Physical Measures

Biological Measures