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Management Of Bacterial Leaf Blight In Rice/Paddy

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May 11, 2023

The Bacterial leaf blight disease of paddy is one of the major diseases seen in rice crops. The causative organism here is the Xanthomonas oryzae. It is a serious disease for the crops as it can cause major losses in yield and could also lead to an outbreak in the area. Effective control measures are necessary to keep this pathogen in check.

Symptoms of Bacterial Leaf Blight

The most common symptom of bacterial leaf blight of paddy is the appearance of yellow stripes along the leaf blade.
The seedling may wilt.
Bacterial oozes on the leaves are common.
The yellow lesions may turn white as the disease progresses.

Preventive Measures

Keep the field clean and free of weeds.
Avoid flow of irrigation water from affected field.
Let the field dry completely before the ploughing process.

Some effective chemicals to control Bacterial Leaf Blight in Paddy

V-Cure Fungicide Plus Bactericide is an effective solution against bacterial leaf blight of paddy. It is an organic cationic surface product having potassium and sodium salts. It is applied in the soil and can work against a variety of pathogens. The recommended dosage is 1.5 to 2 gm of product in one litre of water.
Cristocycline is a chemical bactericide made of Streptomycin sulphate 90% and Tetracycline hydrochloride 10% SP in a ratio of 90:10 respectively. It is most effective after the infestation. You can mix 6 gm of the product in 50 litres of water and spray the mixture on the foliage of the affected plants.
Geomycin is a natural and organic antibiotic, effective against bacterial diseases. It is made of plant extracts which help curb the disease and promote the growth of the plants. It can also improve the natural immunity of the crops. Mix 0.5 to 1 gm in one litre of water and spray the mix.
Conika is a powerful combination that can work against both fungi and bacteria. It works faster and can give long-term effects in preventing diseases. The chemical content is Kasugamycin 5% and Copper oxychloride 45% WP. It works by contact as well as systemic action by rapid absorption by plants and prevents the growth of pathogens inside the plant. The recommended dosage is mixing 1.5-2 gm in 1 litre of water or 300 gm for an acre.

Conclusion

Regular application of the chemical measures will be required. It must also be used at the specified intervals for best results.

From Infestation To Eradication: The Ultimate Sugarcane White Grub Management Plan

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May 11, 2023

From Infestation To Eradication: The Ultimate Sugarcane White Grub Management Plan

Sugarcane white grub is a serious agricultural pest that poses a significant threat to the productivity and sustainability of sugarcane crops worldwide. This grub feeds on the roots of sugarcane plants, causing significant damage that can result in reduced yields and even complete crop failure. It can cause 100% reduction in cane yield and 5-6% in sugar recovery if not properly managed. This article will explore the symptoms of sugarcane white grub infestation and various control measures that can be adopted to minimize its damage.

They are dirty white coloured ‘C’ shaped larvae with brown head. It can be found all year around, but their activity is typically only visible during the rainy season. Light soils rich in organic matter and high temperature create a favorable condition for sugarcane white grubs.

Type of Infestation

White grubs cause extensive damage to roots, leading to lodging of sugarcane.

Scientific Name: Holotrichia consanguinea, Holotrichia serrata

Most Affected States Due to Sugarcane White Grub

Sugarcane white grubs are found in many parts of India. H. consanguinea is pre-dominant in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh whereas, H. serrata is most destructive in states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Symptoms of Sugarcane White Grub

Initially yellowing and wilting of leaves can be seen.
Affected canes come off easily when pulled.
Grub feed on the roots and cause extensive damage to the roots and base of the shoots.
Drying of the entire crown occurs due to their feeding activity.
In case of severe infestation, the affected canes may lodge in the field.
Grubs may also be found tunneling into the cane stalks.

Sugarcane White Grub Control Measures

A comprehensive strategy, encompassing cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical methods can be implemented to effectively manage sugarcane white grubs.

Cultural Measures

Grow resistant sugarcane cultivars like Co 6304, C0 1158 and Co 5510.
Deep summer ploughing of fields exposes pupae of white grubs, which are located in the soil, to birds and high temperatures.
Avoid ratoon crops in infested sugarcane.
Practice crop rotation with non-host crops like sunflower.
Grow trap crops like groundnut, castor and sun hemp in sugarcane fields to trap white grubs.
Provide adequate irrigation and balanced amount of fertilizers.

Physical Measures

Set up Light Trap to capture adult white grubs and kill them in kerosene oil water.

Mechanical Measures

Handpicking and destroying grubs and adult beetles help in reducing sugarcane white grub population.
Tapas White Grub Lure can be used to attract and trap white grubs. Install Tapas Bucket Trap with White Grub lure at a rate of 4 to 5 per acre for effective trapping.

Sugarcane White Grub Biological Measures

Anand Dr. Bacto’s Brave is an eco-friendly bio insecticide containing Beauveria bassiana which acts on the cuticle of white grubs and kills them by producing toxins. The recommended dosage is 2.5ml per liter of water.
Bio Metaz Biopesticide contains an entomo-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, which comes in contact with the body of insect host and kills them. In order to get better results, mix 10ml of bio metaz biopesticide with 1 liter of water and spray them during evening hours.
Biofix Biofighter is a novel bio control agent, containing naturally occurring soil microorganisms. To effectively control white grubs, drench 5g of biofix biofighter in 1 liter of water per acre.
Anshul EPN Army Nematicide comprises of Heterorhabditis indica, an entomopathogenic pathogen which eradicates white grubs by making contact with them. For an acre, apply 1-2 kg of army nematicide for better results.

Sugarcane White Grub Chemical Measures

In case of severe infestations, chemical measures can be taken using commercial insecticides. The following are some of the commercial chemicals that are commonly used to control white grubs in sugarcane,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Soil Application
Lesenta Insecticide	Imidacloprid 40% + Fipronil 40% WG	100 gm/acre
Furadan 3G Insecticide	Carbofuran 3% CG	13 kg/acre
Foliar Spray
Nanobee Agrokill Insecticide	Nano Colloidal Micelles 100% (Fatty Acid based Plant Extracts)	3 ml/lit water
Bacf End Task Insecticide	Fipronil 40% + Imidacloprid 40% WG	0.5 gm/lit of water

EXPLORE Enhancing Sugarcane Yield And Sustainability Through Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)

Battle Against Sugarcane Mealybug: Comprehensive Management Strategies For Farmers

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May 11, 2023

Battle Against Sugarcane Mealybug: Comprehensive Management Strategies for Farmers

The sugarcane mealybug, Saccharicoccus sacchari is a small insect that poses a significant threat to sugarcane crops worldwide. They are pinkish oval shaped insects usually found beneath the leaf sheath, which feeds on the sap of the sugarcane plant, leading to stunted growth and reduced yields. Sugarcane mealybug infestations have become a growing concern for farmers in many parts of the world and the economic losses can be significant. In this article, we will discuss the symptoms of sugarcane mealybugs and various control measures that can be adopted to manage them.

Type of Infestation

Sugarcane mealybugs are a type of sap feeder, which feeds on the sap of the sugarcane plants.

Scientific Name: Saccharicoccus sacchari

Most Affected States Due to Sugarcane Mealybug

Sugarcane mealybugs are widely distributed across India and they are known to cause damage to sugarcane crops in several states, including Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh.

Symptoms of Sugarcane Mealybug

The symptoms of sugarcane mealybugs infestation can be easily identified by,

The presence of pinkish oval shaped insects under the leaf sheath at the nodes, with whitish mealy coating.
They suck the sap from the plant leading to yellowing of leaves.
Sugarcane mealybugs secrete a honeydew substance, which attracts other pests and can lead to the growth of sooty mould on the canes.
They also attack roots and the affected main cane becomes stunted.

Sugarcane Mealybug Control Measures

A combination of different control measures is often important to effectively manage mealybugs infestation in sugarcane crops. The following are some of the commonly used IPM practices for controlling sugarcane mealybugs,

Cultural Measures

Grow resistant sugarcane varieties like CO 439, CO 443, CO 720, CO 730 and CO 7704.
Detrash the sugarcane crop on 150 and 210 days after planting
Drain excess water from the sugarcane field.
Avoid using excessive dozes of nitrogen-based fertilizers.

Biological Measures

Encourage bio-control agents to keep the mealybug populations in check.
Amruth Alestra Liquid (Bio Insecticide) contains strains of naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii which comes in contact with the cuticle of the mealybugs and colonizes them. The recommended dosage is 2ml per liter of water.
Greenpeace Neemol Bio Neem Oil Insecticide contains neem-based products azadirachtin which when used at the rate of 1-2ml per liter of water with 15days interval between each spray can effectively control mealybugs in sugarcane fields.
Kaybee Mealy Raze Bio Pesticide contains natural plant extracts which when sprayed affects the internal nervous system of mealybugs, leading to paralysis and death. The recommended dosage is 1-2ml per liter of water.

Sugarcane Mealybug Chemical Measures

Some of the commercial chemicals that can be used to control sugarcane mealybugs are mentioned below,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Tafgor Insecticide	Dimethoate 30% EC	1.5 ml/lit of water
Confidor Insecticide	Imidacloprid 17.8% SC	0.75 ml/lit of water
Sivanto Prime Insecticide	Flupyradifurone 17.09% SL	2 ml/lit of water
Tafaban Insecticide	Chlorophyriphos 20 %EC	2.5 ml/lit of water
Anshul Ikon Insecticide	Acetamiprid 20% S.P	0.5 gm/lit of water

EXPLORE Disease Management in Sugarcane Crop using UAL Organic Based Products.

Cotton Fields, No Weeds: Effective Weed Management Strategies For Cotton Farmers

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May 11, 2023

cotton cultivation in india

India depends significantly on cotton as a vital commercial crop. However, its slow growth in the initial growth stages and wider row spacing allows different weed species to grow and compete for water and nutrients, hindering cotton’s development and reducing crop yields. If the weeds are left unchecked, they could cause a yield loss of about 50 – 85%. To address this problem, effective weed management practices can be approached through integrated techniques including physical, mechanical, cultural, and chemical measures.

Major Weeds in Cotton Field

Weeds in cotton fields can be broadly classified into two main categories: grass weeds and broad-leaved weeds. Grass weeds typically have long, narrow leaves that are parallel-veined, while broad-leaved weeds have wider leaves that are often branchy-veined.

Type of Weeds	Common weeds in cotton fields
Grass weeds	Cynodon dactylon, Echinocloa crusgalli, Dactyloctenium aegypticum, Cyperus deformis, Cyperus rotundus, Dinebra retroflexa
Broad-leaved weeds	Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium album, Commelina benghalensis, Euphorbia hirta, Parthenium hysterophorus, Trianthema portulacastrum, Digera spp

Preventive measures for weed management in cotton

Cultural

Plough the land deeply during summer to uproot existing weeds. Expose the field to sun for at least 2 – 3 weeks.
Grow short duration legumes such as cowpeas and lablab in between the wide-spaced cotton rows (inter-row cultivation) which can act as living mulch or cover crops to suppress weed growth and improve soil health.
Use organic (paddy straw or dry leaves) or polyethylene mulch to suppress weed growth by blocking sunlight and reducing soil moisture.
Follow crop rotation of cotton with non-host crops such as cereals or legumes to break the weed cycle.
Follow other agronomic practices such as using ‘weed-seed free’ seeds, fertilizer and irrigation management.
Plant the crop at the right time to take advantage of early season moisture and to minimize weed growth.
Do timely hand weeding to keep the field weed free during initial days.

Mechanical

Manual weeding using hoes or sickles is important to be carried out to reduce the weed population in the field. Do one hand weeding at 45 DAS, after application of pre-emergence herbicide. If no pre-emergence herbicide is applied at the time of sowing, give two hand weeding at 18 – 20 DAS and other at 45 DAS. Or you can run blade harrows at 20-25 DAS and 45-50 DAS in between the crop rows to remove the weeds.

(*DAS – Days after sowing)

Chemical Management with Herbicides

Knowing the types of weeds, i.e., grass weed or broad-leaved weed present in cotton fields can help growers develop more effective weed management strategies tailored to the specific weeds present.

Herbicides can be applied pre- or post-emergence to control weeds in cotton fields. Care should be taken to select the appropriate herbicide based on the weed species and crop stage. The critical period for weed control in cotton fields is the first 45 days. Use selective herbicides to target specific weeds while reducing the risk of harm to non-target species and the surrounding environment.

Pre-emergence Herbicides

Spray Pre-emergence herbicide Pendimethalin 30% EC at 1.2 liter per acre or 6 ml per liter of water, three days after sowing. It kills both grasses and broad-leaved weeds, thus protecting crops during early and critical days of their growth.

Post-emergence Herbicides

Time of Application – Inter-row application at 15 – 30 DAS or at 2 – 4 leaf stage of weeds

Product name	Technical content	Dosage	Type of weeds it controls
Agil Herbicide	Propaquizafop 10% EC	2 ml/lit of water	Grass weeds
Dozo Maxx	Pyrithiobac sodium 6% + Quizalofop ethyl 4% MEC	2 ml/lit of water	Both broad and narrow leaved weeds
Targa Super or	Quizalofop Ethyl 5% EC	2 ml/lit of water	Grass weeds
Ryusei Herbicide	Quizalofop Ethyl 5% EC	2 ml/lit of water	Grass weeds
Hitweed Herbicide	Pyrithiobac sodium 10% E C	1 ml/liter of water	Broad leaved weeds
Whip Super Herbicide	Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3 % EC	1.5 ml/lit of water	Grassy weeds

IMPORTANT NOTE:

Herbicides can effectively manage weeds in cotton; however, relying solely on chemical methods may not be enough for optimal weed control. To achieve effective results, cultural practices and regular hand weeding, in addition to herbicides, should be employed.
Make sure the soil is moist at the time of spraying of both pre and post emergence herbicides.
Do not spray if the rain is expected.
To prevent weed resistance, it is advisable to rotate herbicide products with different chemicals.
Post-emergence herbicide application is recommended at the 2-3 leaf stage of the weeds to obtain favorable results.
Use sticking and spreading agent like Multiplex Nagastha – 180 (0.4 – 0.5 ml/lit of spray solution) for herbicide mix for increased efficiency of post emergence herbicides.
Spraying should only be carried out on clear and sunny days.
It is advisable to avoid spraying herbicides in the direction of the wind to prevent the herbicide from drifting.
Follow the herbicide label instructions carefully, including the recommended rates, application timing, and safety precautions.
Do not tank mix with sulphur and copper-containing pesticides.

The Ultimate Guide On Chilli Cultivation: Steps For Successful Harvest

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May 10, 2023

The Ultimate Guide on Chilli Cultivation: Steps for Successful Harvest

Are you tired of struggling with chilli cultivation and not getting the results you want? If so, you’re in the right place!

Our article on chilli cultivation practices is just what you need to take your crop to the next level! From choosing the right variety of chilli to preparing the soil, providing adequate water, controlling pests and diseases, and harvesting your chillies at the right time, this article covers it all! By following our step-by-step guide, you’ll be able to grow chillies that not only taste great but also contain essential vitamins and minerals. Imagine having a bountiful harvest of healthy, vibrant chillies that you can use in your cooking or sell at the market. So, if you’re ready to increase your farm yield with quality produce, make sure to read and follow these cultivation practices. You won’t be disappointed!

Climate and Soil requirement

For optimal growth, chilli plants thrive in both warm and humid climate, while dry weather conditions enhance fruit maturation. The ideal temperature range for its cultivation is between 20-25°C. Heavy rainfall can lead to poor fruit set, and when coupled with high humidity, it can cause the fruit to rot. Chilli plants cannot tolerate frost. An ideal soil type for chilli cultivation is a well-drained, loamy soil, rich in organic matter, and has a pH range of 6.5-7.5.

Spice up your harvest with these BigHaat’s top-selling chilli seeds in every state!

States	Most sold chilli seeds
Andhra Pradesh	Armour F1 Hybrid, Yashaswini Chilli, HPH 5531 Chilli, Mahyco Capexx Chilli, US 341 Chilli, SARPAN – 102 Byadgi Chilli Seeds, Bangaram F1 Hybrid Chilli
Telangana	US 341 Chilli, Yashaswini Chilli, Armour F1 Hybrid, Tejaswini Chilli, SVHA 2222 Chilli, HPH 5531 Chilli, Sitara Chilli
Maharashtra	SARPAN – 102 Byadgi Chilli Seeds, US 1081 Chilli, Royal Bullet Chilli, HPH 5531 Chilli, Armour F1 Hybrid, US 341 Chilli, Sitara Gold Chilli
Tamil Nadu	Bangaram F1 Hybrid Chilli, Royal Bullet Chilli, VNR 145 Chilli, Yashaswini Chilli, NS 1101 Chilli, Tejaswini Chilli, Indam 5 Chilli
Madhya Pradesh	Armour F1 Hybrid, Navtej MHCP 319 Chilli, NS 1701 DG Chilli, NS 1101 Chilli, Rudra 101 F1 Chilli, US 730 Chilli, Sarpan F1-Sona 63 Chilli
Karnataka	HPH 5531 Chilli, SARPAN – 102 Byadgi Chilli Seeds, HPH 2043 Chilli, Ulka F1 Chilli, Yashaswini Chilli, Armour F1 Hybrid
Odisha	Royal Bullet Chilli, Armour F1 Hybrid, VNR 145 Chilli, NS 1701 DG Chilli, US 730 Chilli, Navtej MHCP 319 Chilli, Sarpan Hybrid Mahakali Chilli

Don’t just plant any chilli seeds, choose the best from BigHaat!

It is important to choose the right variety/hybrid of chilli based on your soil type, climate, and location. Select the variety that can adapt well to your local weather conditions.

Top 8 Chilli Seeds	Features
Armour Chilli F1 Hybrid Seeds	Suitable for both fresh (green) and dry (red) purposes. High fruit pungency. Early maturing and high yielding.
Royal Bullet Chilli Seeds	It matures 10 – 12 days earlier than local variety. Fruit length is 4 – 5 cm. Used for fresh green fruits. Highly Pungent.
HPH 5531 Chilli Seeds	Dense bearing with medium green fruits. Can be used for both green and red fruits. Medium pungency and early maturing. Yield – 12 to 15 MT/acre in green fresh and 1.5 to 2 MT in Red dry (May depend upon season and cultural practices).
NS 1101 Chilli Seeds	Matures in 70 – 75 days. Can be used for both green (fresh) and red (dry). Very high pungency. Fruit length is 8 – 10 cm with medium thick pericarp.
Sarpan 102 Byadgi Chilli	Average Plant height is 90-100 cm. Fruit length is 15-18 cm. Suitable for irrigated and dry land farming. Suitable for dry chilli. Cherry red colour, highly wrinkled with acidic flavour.
VNR 145 Green Chilli	Early hybrid with short picking interval. Highly pungent; Suitable for green chilli. Parrot green colour fruits with smooth and shiny fruits. First Harvest – 50 to 55 days. Fruit length – 12 to 16 cm.
Rudraksh 101 F1 Chilli Seeds	Very highly pungent; Best for green chilli. Maturity – 65-70 Days; Length: 12-14 cm. Tolerant to fusarium & virus. Good for fresh market.
Sarpan Chilli Bajji Seeds	Attractive light green color, thick wall fruits, 12 – 15 cm long and have medium pungency. Suitable for fresh (green fruits) purpose (Bhajji / Pakoda). Fruits have very good shelf life.

To find more chilli seeds click here

Time of sowing

Chilli can be sown during Jan – Feb, Jun – Jul and Sept – Oct.

Seed rate for optimum yield

Varieties – 400 gm/acre; Hybrids – 80 – 100 g/acre.

Seed treatment

Treat 1 kg of chilli seeds with 6 ml of Trichoderma viride or 10 grams of Pseudomonas fluorescens before sowing to prevent damping off, collar rot, root rot and other seed borne diseases.

Nursery Management

If you want to increase your chances of a successful chilli crop, it’s important to know that chilli seedlings are typically grown in a nursery first and can be grown in either nursery beds or protrays before being transplanted to the main field. This can help ensure healthy growth and a higher yield.

For raising seedlings for 1 acre field, you will need 40 m2 / 1 cent of nursery area.

Nursery Raised Bed

Protrays

Incorporate well decomposed FYM to pulverized soil.
Prepare raised seedbeds of 1 m width, 15 cm height and of convenient length.
Sow the treated seeds in lines spaced 5 cm apart and cover them with sand or well decomposed compost.
Mulch the bed with paddy straw or green leaves after sowing.
Water the bed every morning with rose can.
Remove the mulch once the seeds have started germinating.
Drench the nursery bed with copper oxychloride at 2 gm/lit water with 15 days interval to avoid damping off.

Fill the protrays (98 cells) with sterilized coco peat. (Approx. 1.2 kg of cocopeat is required per protray)
For 1 acre field, 120 protrays of 98 cells will be required to get 11,700 seedlings.
Sow 1 treated seed per cell and cover it with coco peat.
You can notice germination in about 6 – 8 days.
Water the seedlings daily using rose can.
Drench with 5 gm/lit of 19:19:19, 18 days after sowing.

(Note: Protrays can be maintained inside a green house or shade net house)

Main Field Preparation

Plough the soil 2 –3 times to get a fine tilth. Incorporate 10t of FYM to the soil during last ploughing. Apply 1 liter of Azospirillium and Phosphobacteria by mixing with 50 kg of well decomposed manure or cake. Prepare ridges and furrows at 60 cm spacing.

Transplanting

Your seedlings will be ready for transplanting after 30 – 40 days. Irrigate the furrows and then transplant 40 – 45 days old seedlings on the ridges. Plant seedlings of varieties spaced 60 cm between rows and 45 cm between plants, while hybrids spaced 75 cm between rows and 60 cm between plants.

Intercultural Operations

Nutrient Management

Maximizing your chilli crop yield is all about proper fertilizer management. Choose the right type of fertilizer and apply it at the right time and in the right amount. The general dose of NPK recommendation for chilli crop is 48:24:16 kg/acre. Due to its lengthy growing season, it is important to apply manure and fertilizers carefully in split doses to ensure supply of nutrients at all growth stages.

Nutrient	Fertilizer	Dosage per acre	Time of application
Organic	FYM	10 t/acre	At the time of last ploughing
Biofertilizer	Azospirillium	1 lit of product + 50 kg of FYM	At the time of ploughing
Biofertilizer	Phosphobacteria	1 lit of product + 50 kg of FYM	At the time of ploughing
N	Urea	26 kg	Basal
		26 kg	30 DAT
		26 kg	60 DAT
		26 kg	90DAT
P	Single Super Phosphate (SSP)	150 kg	Basal
K	Potassium sulphate (SOP)	13 kg	Basal (SOP will improve chilli quality)
K	Potassium sulphate (SOP)	13 kg	20 – 30 DAT
B	Anshul Maxbor	1 gm/lit water	1st spray – Before flowering 2nd spray – After 10 to 12 days interval
Zn	Zinc micronutrient fertilizer	Foliar: 0.5 – 0.6 gm/lit water	3 sprays with 10 days interval from 40 DAT
NPK + Mn	19:19:19 + Mn	Foliar: 1 gm/lit water	60 DAT

(*DAT – Days after transplanting)

Water Management

Irrigate the field immediately after transplanting. You can subsequently irrigate once a week or 10 days depending upon the soil moisture condition and weather. Chilli plants are least tolerant to heavy moisture so, ensure that you water the plants only when required. The flowering and fruit development stages are considered critical periods for the plant’s water requirements.

If you see plants showing wilting / drooping of leaves at mid-day, irrigate the field. Chilli is normally cultivated under rainfed conditions, however irrigated chilli crops are also grown. If you are growing chilli under irrigated condition, adopt furrow or drip irrigation. Overhead irrigation can be avoided as it will promote disease development due to wetting of leaves.

Earthing up and Mulching

Perform earthing up, 30 days after transplanting. Then, use paddy straw or dried leaves for mulching. Mulches will help to conserve moisture and also reduce weed growth.

Weed Management

Spray Pendimethalin (600 – 700 ml/acre) as pre-emergence herbicide. Give two hand weeding, first within 20 – 25 DAT, after herbicide application while next after 20 – 25 days of 1st weeding to keep the field free from weeds.

(Note: Follow product’s description or label for herbicide application)

Intercropping

If you’re additionally looking for ways to increase yield and profitability from your chilli field, ‘intercrops’ are the best solution. Intercrop chilli with coriander (1:3), onion (paired rows), or groundnut (3:1) to get higher net returns. It also helps to improve soil fertility and reduce pressure of pests and diseases.

Use of Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)

PGR product

Technical content

Dosage

Time of application

Miracle Growth Regulator

(Enhances vegetative growth, flower and fruit setting)

Triacontanol EW 0.1 %

1 – 1.25 ml/lit water

25 DAT, 45DAT, 65 DAT*

Planofix Alpha Growth Promoter

(Prevents shedding of flower buds, increase fruit set and quality)

Alpha Naphthyl Acetic Acid 4.5% SL

0.2 – 0.3 ml/lit water

1st spray: During flowering stage

2nd spray: 20 – 30 days after 1st spray

(*DAT – Days after transplanting)

Plant Protection Practices

Pests of Chilli crop

Keep your chilli plants pest-free with proper pest management.

Pest	Symptoms	Control Measures
Fruit borer	Larvae consume the internal content of the chilli fruit by making small holes and inserting their head inside while keeping the rest of their body outside.	Use Tapas Helic-O-lure with funnel trap at 6 per acre. Spray 2 ml of Plethora Insecticide mixed in 1 lit of water. Spray Cigna Insecticide at 1.5 – 2 ml/lit of water.
Tobacco caterpillar	The caterpillars feed on the leaves, creating irregularly shaped holes in the foliage. After feeding, they leave behind only the veins and give the leaf a “skeletonized” appearance.	Use Tapas Spodo-O-lure with funnel trap at 6 – 8 per acre. Grow castor as border crop. Spray Terra Pillar Bio Insecticide at 3 – 3.5 ml/lit of water. Spray 1.7 – 2 ml of Benevia Insecticide mixed in 1 lit of water. Spray Godrej Gracia Insecticide at 0.8 ml/lit of water.
Thrips	They suck the sap from the leaf juices and causes crinkling and curling up of leaves. They lacerate the leaf surface and cause “Silvery or bronze appearance”. Affected flower buds become brittle and later drop down.	Use 8 Barrix Magic Sticker Chromatic Trap Blue Sheet per acre. Spray 1 – 2 ml of Thrips Raze Bio Insecticide mixed in 1 lit of water. Spray Delegate Insecticide at 1 ml/lit of water. Spray 1.25 – 1.5 ml of Takaf Insecticide mixed in 1 lit of water.
Aphids	Affected leaves may turn yellow or pale. They can become distorted or curled. Presence of black sooty mould due to honeydew secreted by them.	Install 4 – 6 yellow sticky traps per acre. Spray Verticillium lecanii at 5 ml/lit of water. Spray Actara Insecticide at 0.5 gm/lit of water. Spray Confidor Insecticide at 0.8 – 1 ml/lit of water.
Yellow muranai mite	Downward curling and crinkling appearance of chilli leaves. Petiole of the infested leaves become elongated. Premature leaf drop.	Spray 2.5 -3 ml of Econeem Biopesticide at 2.5 – 3 ml/lit water. Spray 0.3 ml of Oberon Insecticide mixed in 1 lit of water. Spray Maiden Insecticide at 1 ml/lit of water.
Root knot nematode	Infected plants may show signs of yellowing of the leaves or chlorosis and wilting. Presence of small galls on the roots.	Mix 2 kg of Multiplex Safe Root with 100 kg of well decomposed compost and broadcast on one acre. Drench the soil with Velum Prime Nematicide at 1.2 – 1.5 ml/lit of water.

Are thrips and mites causing trouble in your chilli field? Click here to learn more on how to get rid of them for good!

Diseases affecting chilli plants

Are your chilli plants showing signs of yellowing, wilting or stunted growth? These could be symptoms of a disease affecting your crops. Don’t panic, you can still save your harvest! Know the signs of disease early and take action to protect your crop and prevent further damage. Don’t wait until it’s too late.

Disease	Symptoms	Control Measures
Damping off	Seedlings may die before or soon after emerging from the soil. Affected seedlings may wilt and collapse at the soil line. They may appear water-soaked or slimy.	Drench the nursery bed with Trichoderma viride at 10 gm/lit water. Drench the nursery bed with Blitox Fungicide at 2 gm/lit water
Anthracnose or Fruit rot	Small, water-soaked lesions appear on the leaves, stems, or fruits of chilli plants. Branches show necrotic symptoms from tip downwards (dieback). Causes the fruit to rot and become discolored, with dark, sunken spots.	Spray Pseudomonas fluorescens at 3 gm/lit of water. Spray Spectrum Fungicide at 1.5 ml/lit of water. Spray 1.5 gm of Kavach Fungicide mixed in 1 lit of water. Spray leaf extract of ‘Vilvam’ plant.
Powdery mildew	Presence of white or grayish powdery spots on the lower side of the leaves. Upper leaf surface may show yellow patches. Drying and shedding of leaves.	Spray Fungo Raze Bio fungicide at 1 – 2 ml/lit of water. Spray BACF Carman Fungicide at 1 gm/lit of water. Spray 1.2 ml of Custodia Fungicide mixed in 1 lit of water. Spray Sultaf Fungicide at 2 gm/lit of water.
Bacterial leaf spot	The spots are usually small and angular with a yellow halo. In severe cases, leaves turn yellow and fall off.	Spray V-Kure Bio Bactericide at 1.5 – 2 gm/lit water. Spray Borogold Fungicide at 1.5 gm/lit of water. Spray Dhanuka Kasu-B Fungicide at 2 – 2.5 ml/lit water.
Cercospora leaf spot	The spots are larger and round/oval with a tan to brown center and dark border.	Spray Pseudomonas fluorescence & Bacillus subtilis at 5 – 10 gm/lit of water. Spray Dhanuka M-45 Fungicide at 3 – 4 gm/lit of water. Spray Blitox Fungicide at 2 gm/lit of water. Spray leaf extracts of Prosopis juliflora, 2 months after planting.
Fusarium wilt	Yellowing and wilting of leaves. Leaves roll upwards and inward. Brown discoloration in the stem, and the internal tissues.	Spray Trichoderma viride at 2.5 ml/lit of water. Spray Benmain Fungicide at 2 gm/lit of water. Spray Taqat Fungicide at 2 gm/lit of water.
Viral Diseases (Leaf curl, mosaic)	Yellowing and curling of leaves. Presence of light and dark green mosaic patterns on the leaves Fruits may become misshapen or smaller in size.	Spray Geolife No Virus at 3 – 5 ml/lit of water. Control vectors (whitefly/Thrips/Aphids): Spray Actara Insecticide at 0.5 gm/lit of water. Spray Dhanpreet Insecticide at 0.3 gm/lit water.

Protect your chilli plants from viral infections – click here to know how!

NOTE: Follow product’s label or description to know the right time of application.

Harvesting

The appropriate time to harvest chillies varies depending on the type and intended use of the crop. Chilli plants typically start flowering around two months after transplanting, and it takes about another month for the fruits to reach the green stage. If the chillies are intended for vegetable consumption, you can harvest them when they are still green. On the other hand, if the chillies are meant for drying, they can be left to fully ripen before harvesting.

You can harvest the first yield when the fruits are green around 75 DAT. Subsequently, ripened red fruits can be harvested at 1–2 week intervals. The yield of green chillies will be 3 – 4 times higher than dry chillies.

Yield

Varieties: 4 – 6 t/acre (green chillies); 0.8 – 1 t/ha (dry pods)
Hybrid: 10 t/ha (green chillies)

Drying

It is important to keep in mind that you preserve the red colour of the chilli fruits during the drying process. You can dry the chillies under the sun for a week or more, depending on the weather conditions. Turn the chillies regularly to ensure even drying and to prevent mold growth. Alternatively, you can also use a solar dryer or oven (8 hr at 60°C, then reducing it to 50°C) for drying if available.

Sugarcane Internode Borer: Infestation And Its Management

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May 9, 2023

Sugarcane Internode Borer: Infestation And Its Management

Sugarcane is an important cash crop in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. However, the sugarcane internode borer is a significant pest that causes substantial economic losses to sugarcane farmers. The larvae of the sugarcane internode borer feed on the inner tissues of sugarcane stalks, leading to yield losses ranging from 20% in moderate infestation to 50% in severe infestation. In this article, we provide an overview of the sugarcane internode borer and explore various control strategies to help farmers minimize its damage.

They are whitish larva with brown heads, which can be identified by the longitudinal stripes and dark spots on the dorsal side of the body. Waterlogged conditions around the shoot canes favor the buildup of sugarcane internode borer. Low temperature and high humidity also favor the outbreak of internode borers.

Type of Infestation

The larvae of the sugarcane internode borer tunnel through the stem and feed on the cane horizontally causing damage to the cane by breaking them.

Scientific Name: Chilo sacchariphagus indicus

Most Affected States Due to Sugarcane Internode Borer

Sugarcane internode borer is serious pest of sugarcane in many parts of India. But it is more severe in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Sugarcane Internode Borer Symptoms

Initially larvae feed on the young rolled leaves and cause shot hole in leaves.
They also produce dead heart symptoms during the early stages of plant growth.
The infested nodal region shows evidence of internodes being constricted and shortened, with multiple bore holes.
Fresh excreta can be seen in the nodal region.
Affected tissues turn red.
When the infestation is severe, the plant stalks become weaker, leading to significant reduction in their growth.

Control Measures

To manage the internode borer in sugarcane, it is often necessary to use a combination of various control measures. Here are some commonly utilized Integrated Pest Management practices to control internode borers.

Sugarcane Internode Borer Cultural Measures

Choose setts that are free from pests for planting.
Grow resistant varieties like CO 975, COJ 46 and CO 7304.
Remove and destroy the weeds in and around the cane fields to reduce the internode borer population.
Avoid using excessive doses of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Detrash the canes and burn the trash to eliminate the larvae and pupae attached with the leaf-sheaths.

Sugarcane Internode Borer Mechanical Measures

Collect and destroy the eggs periodically.
Set up pheromone traps at the rate of 4-5 traps per acre and change them once in 45 days to effectively trap internode borers.

Biological Measures

Encourage bio control agents like egg parasitoid such as Trichogramma chilonis and larval parasitoids such as Stenobracon deesae, Apanteles flavipes to parasitize internode borer.
Also release pupal parasitoids to control internode borers.
Anand Dr. Bacto’s Brave is an eco-friendly bio insecticide containing Beauveria bassiana which acts on the cuticle of susceptible insects and kills them by producing toxins. The recommended dosage is 2.5 ml per liter of water.

Sugarcane Internode Borer Chemical Measures

In cases where cultural, mechanical and biological control strategies are not sufficient to control sugarcane internode borer, adoption of chemical method of control may be necessary. Chemicals that can be used to control internode borer includes,

Tafgor Insecticide is highly effective in controlling sugarcane internode borers. It belongs to the organophosphate group containing Dimethoate 30% EC. The recommended dosage is 1.5-2.5 ml per liter of water.
Police Insecticide also helps to control internode borers in sugarcane. Its technical content is Fipronil 40% + Imidacloprid 40% WG. The recommended dosage is 0.2-0.6 gm per liter of water.
Apply Furadan Insecticide, which contains carbofuran 3G granules on the soil at the rate of 12 kg per acre in case of severe infestation.

Explore Battle Against Sugarcane Mealybug-Comprehensive Management Strategies For Farmers–Click Here For More Information

Effective Management Of Sugarcane Leaf Hoppers

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May 8, 2023

Effective Management Of Sugarcane Leaf Hoppers

Sugarcane Leaf Hoppers ,Attention Sugarcane Farmers! Are you worried about sugarcane leaf hoppers damaging your crops and causing significant reductions in your harvest? You’re not alone! Leaf hoppers are a major threat to the sugarcane industry in India, as it can cause a reduction of up to 31.6% in cane yield and 2-3% in sugar recovery if not properly managed. Hence it is essential for farmers like you to know how to manage them effectively. This article will provide you with effective strategies to safeguard your crops from sugarcane leaf hoppers and increase your yields.

You can find them feeding gregariously on sugarcane plants and they jump off readily when disturbed. They pierce and suck the sap from plant tissues and mouthparts are usually hidden by their pointed snout. High temperature and humidity favor the rapid buildup of leaf hoppers. Heavy manuring and water logging also favor leaf hoppers multiplication.

Type of Infestation

If leaf hopper infestation occurs during the rapid growth stage of the sugarcane plant, it can have a negative impact on the overall yield. On the other hand, if infestation occurs from September onwards, it can primarily affect the sucrose levels of the cane in the field.

Scientific Name: Pyrilla perpusilla

Most Affected States Due to Sugarcane Leaf Hoppers

The sugarcane leafhoppers are widespread throughout India and is known to be a major pest of sugarcane in several states, including Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Symptoms of Sugarcane Leaf Hoppers

Below are the symptoms that can assist you in promptly detecting a leaf hopper infestation in your sugarcane fields,

Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from the underside of the sugarcane leaves.
As a result of sucking, leaves may become yellow and then dry.
Hoppers excrete a sweet substance, called honey dew on to foliage, leading to the growth of saprophytic fungus known as black mould.
Severe infestation may cause leaves to droop and hinder the overall growth of sugarcane plants.

Control Measures

Do you see any of the above-mentioned symptoms in your fields? If so, why are you still waiting? Don’t wait any longer to take action. Implement an integrated pest management strategy to control the population of leaf hoppers and prevent further crop damage. Read on to know some effective measures to control sugarcane leaf hopper.

Sugarcane Leaf Hoppers Cultural Measures

Avoid ratoon crop in areas prone to leaf hoppers.
Detrash and destroy the older dried leaves to reduce infestation.
Eliminate alternate hosts of pyrilla like maize, sorghum, barley etc.
Avoid using excessive dozes of nitrogenous fertilizers, as this can lead to succulent growth which encourages leaf hopper population.
Grow intercrops like ground nut and soybean to minimize leaf hopper damage.

Physical Measures

Light Traps play a major role in trapping sugarcane leaf hoppers. Install Farmoguard Solar Light Trap in sugarcane fields at the rate of one per acre to attract and kill leaf hoppers.

Mechanical Measures

Collect and destroy the egg masses of pyrilla to control their population.
Install Tapas Yellow Sticky Trap in sugarcane fields to attract and trap leaf hoppers. For optimal trapping, set up 4 to 6 traps per acre.

Sugarcane Leaf Hoppers Biological Measures

Encourage natural predators to control leaf hopper population.
When 3-5 Pyrilla individuals are observed per leaf, release 3,200 to 4,000 cocoons or 3.2-4.0 lakh eggs of Epiricania melanoleuca per acre.
Greenpeace Neemol Bio Neem Oil Insecticide contains neem-based products azadirachtin which when used at the rate of 1-2 ml per liter of water with 15 days interval between each spray can effectively control leaf hoppers in sugarcane fields.
Anand Dr. Bacto’s Meta Insecticide contains a parasitic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae which can effectively control sugarcane leaf hoppers. The recommended dosage is 2ml per liter of water.
Amruth Almax Liquid is a biological pesticide containing naturally occurring entomo pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana which comes in contact with the cuticle of the target insect and kills them. The recommended dosage is 2-3ml per liter of water.

Sugarcane Leaf Hoppers Chemical Measures

If the sugarcane leaf hopper infestation becomes severe, it is necessary to take action to control their population. One effective method is to use commercial insecticides. Insecticides that can be used to control sugarcane leafhoppers are mentioned below,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Tafaban Insecticide	Chlorophyriphos 20 %EC	2.5 ml/lit of water
Reeva 5 Insecticide	Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 % EC	2 ml/lit of water
Tafgor Insecticide	Dimethoate 30% EC	1.5 ml/lit of water
Anshul Ikon Insecticide	Acetamiprid 20% S.P.	0.5gm/lit water
Actara Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 25 % WG	0.5 gm/lit of water

Discover more : Fight Against Sugarcane Early Shoot Borer-Effective Management Strategies.

Sorghum Stink Bug: Symptoms And Solutions

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May 8, 2023

Sorghum Stink Bug: Symptoms And Solutions

Sorghum stink bug is an important insect pest of sorghum and is commonly known as the green vegetable bug or green shield bug. The Sorghum stink bug is a polyphagous pest, which means it feeds on a wide range of plants other than sorghum, such as pulses, pearl millet, sunflower etc. They feed on all parts of the plants, but mainly cause damage to the developing grains. In this article, we will explore the impact of stink bugs on sorghum crops and management strategies for controlling their populations.

The adult sorghum stink bug is a greenish brown insect with a shield-shaped body and has a characteristic triangular pattern on their body. Sorghum stink bugs are known for their unpleasant odor, which is emitted as a defense mechanism when they are disturbed or crushed.

Type of Infestation

Sorghum stink bug infestation can be categorized into two types, viz. primary and secondary. Primary infestation occurs when the insect feeds on the plant during the vegetative stage, leading to stunted growth. Secondary infestation occurs when the insect feeds on the developing grains, causing the grains to shrink and deform.

Scientific Name: Nezara viridula

Most Affected States Due to Sorghum Stink Bug

Sorghum stink bug is a major pest of sorghum in many parts of India. Some of the states most affected by this pest include Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Symptoms of Sorghum Stink Bug

Sorghum stink bug infestation can cause significant damage to the sorghum crop. Some of the symptoms of sorghum stink bug infestation are as follows:

They feed on the leaves of sorghum plants, making rows of holes on leaves.
Using their sucking type of mouthparts, they feed on the developing grain.
As a result of sucking, shrinkage and black color discoloration of grains can be seen.
Infested grains become ill filled or chaffy.

Sorghum Stink Bug Control Measures

The following are the various cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical measures that can be employed to effectively manage sorghum stink bug infestations.

Cultural Control

Following crop rotation with non-host crops reduces the sorghum stink bugs population.
Early planting decreases the likelihood of the flowering period coinciding with the peak activity of stink bugs.
Proper nutrition management, including balanced fertilization and irrigation can also help to reduce the susceptibility of sorghum plants to stink bug attacks.

Physical Measures

Installing Solar Light Traps in sorghum fields helps in trapping the stink bugs. For effective trapping install one light trap per acre.

Mechanical Measures

Collect and destroy the heavily infested plants.
Barrix Magic Sticker Trap Yellow Sheet attracts adult stink bugs and kills them. For an acre, use 10 sheets of sticky trap and place them above the plant foliage for effective trapping.

Sorghum Stink Bug Biological Measures

Release natural enemies such as spiders and birds to prey on the sorghum stink bugs.
Parasitic tachinid flies and wasps lay eggs into the eggs of stink bugs and their larvae feed on the hatching maggots, thereby reducing stink bug population.
Ecotin Insecticide is a neem based biological insecticide containing Azadirachtin, which can be used effectively to control sorghum stink bugs. The recommended dosage is 0.4 – 0.7ml per liter of water.

Sorghum Stink Bug Chemical Control

Commercial chemicals that can be used to control sorghum stink bug includes,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Karate Insecticide	Lambdacyhalothrin 5% EC	1.5 ml/lit of water
Ekalux Insecticide	Quinalphos 25% EC	2 ml / lit of water
Alika Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 12.6% + Lambda-cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC	0.5 ml/lit of water
Profex Super Insecticide	Profenophos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC	2 ml/lit of water
Asataf Insecticide	Acephate 75% SP	1.5 gm/lit of water
Koranda Insecticide	Chlorpyrifos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC	2 ml/lit of water

Sorghum Aphids: Damage And Its Integrated Management – Read More

Sorghum Stem Borer: Effective Prevention And Management Strategies

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May 6, 2023

Sorghum Stem Borer: Effective Prevention And Management Strategies

Sorghum is a highly valued crop for its adaptability to grow in a wide range of agro-climatic conditions. However, like other crops, sorghum is also susceptible to various pests that can cause significant damage to the crop and reduce yield. One such damaging pest of sorghum is the sorghum Stem Borer. It affects sorghum crops from seedling to maturity. Warm and humid conditions are particularly favorable for the stem borers.

The life cycle of the sorghum stem borer includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. The female sorghum stem borer lays eggs on the surface of the sorghum stem. The eggs hatch into small, white larvae that burrow into the sorghum stem and feed on the inner tissue of the stem, causing damage to the plants. After feeding for several weeks, the larvae pupate inside the sorghum stem.

Type of infestation

Sorghum Stem Borer infests the stem of the sorghum plant, by feeding the inner tissue of the stem and produces dead heart symptoms. Severe infestation leads to stunted growth and yield loss.

Scientific Name: Chilo partellus

Most affected states

The sorghum stem borer is a major pest in many states of India. The states that are most affected by the pest include Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat.

Symptoms of Sorghum Stem Borer

The sorghum stem borer infestation can be identified by the following symptoms:

The borer attacks all parts of the sorghum plant except roots.
Initially, larvae of sorghum stem borer feed on the upper surface of whorl leaves leaving the lower surface intact as transparent windows.
Infested central shoot withers and produce “dead heart” symptom.
Young larvae feed on the leaf sheath and leaf whorls causing pin holes or shot holes on the whorls of newly opened leaves.
Older larva goes inside the stem by making a tunnel through the midrib and feed on the internal tissues.
Bore holes can be seen on the stem, particularly near the nodes.
As the infestation progresses, sorghum stem borer may also attack the peduncle. If both stem and peduncle are damaged, it can cause production of complete or partial chaffy panicles. Additionally, the affected peduncle may become weak and break.

Sorghum Stem Borer Control Measures

The management of stem borer on sorghum plants can be achieved through an integrated approach that includes cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical measures.

Sorghum Stem Borer Cultural Measures

Plant resistant cultivars like E 302, E 303, IS 2205 and ICSV 700
Plough the stubbles during winter and burn them to destroy the hibernating larvae.
Crop rotation can be followed with non-host crops.
Avoid using excessive amount of nitrogenous fertilizers, as this can lead to succulent growth which encourages stem borer population.
Grow intercrops like lab lab or dolichos in the ratio of 4:1 to minimise the stem borer damage.

Physical Measures

Light Traps play a major role in trapping adult stem borers. Install Farmoguard Solar Light Trap in the sorghum fields at the rate of one per acre to attract and kill stem borer moths.

Mechanical Measures

Remove and destroy the infested plant parts.
Install Tapas Yellow Sticky Trap in sorghum fields to attract adult stem borer moths. For effective trapping install 4 to 6 traps per acre.

Sorghum Stem Borer Biological Measures

Encourage bio control agents such as an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis and larval parasitoids, Bracon chinensis and Apanteles flavipes to reduce stem borer population.
Release natural predators like earwigs and spiders to control sorghum stem borers.
Ecotin Insecticide is a neem based biological insecticide containing Azadirachtin, which when used at the rate of 0.4 – 0.7ml per liter of water with 7 to 10 days interval between each spray can effectively control stem borer in sorghum plants.
Amruth Almax Liquid (Bio Pesticide) contains the strains of naturally occuring entomo-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, which comes in contact with the cuticle of stem borer and colonizes them. The recommended dosage is 2-3ml per liter of water.

Sorghum Stem Borer Chemical Measures

Sorghum leaf roller can be controlled by using commercial insecticides. Some of the commonly used insecticides for controlling leaf rollers are mentioned below,

Product Name	Technical Content	Dosage
Coragen Insecticide	Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC	0.4 ml/lit of water
Alika Insecticide	Thiamethoxam 12.6% + Lambda-cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC	0.5 ml/lit of water
Tafgor Insecticide	Dimethoate 30% EC	1.5 ml/lit of water
Ekalux Insecticide	Quinalphos 25 % EC	2 ml/lit of water
Reeva 5 Insecticide	Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 % EC	2 ml/lit of water

Managing Sorghum Shoot Bugs : A Comprehensive Guide to Crop Protection– See more

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